Nursing 611
Exam 2(44
questions with
complete
solutions)
Parasympathetic Nervous System - answer conserves
energy and the body's resources.
Sympathetic Nervous System - answer responds to stress
by preparing the body to defend itself
Catecholamines released - epinephrine
mobilizing energy stores, and decreases the release of
insulin;
redistributes blood flow - increases to muscles (flight) and
lungs, decreases to GI and integumentary
,Focal - Direct Impact - answer are specific, brain lesions
that occur in a precise location Epidural hemorrhage;
subdural hemorrhage.
Diffuse injuries - answer ♥Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
•Follows acceleration-deceleration injuries where there is
a rotational element
•Characterized by mild to severe axonal injury
•Results in scattered, diffuse loss of function
•A continuum of injury from DAI ranges from concussion
to persistent vegetative state
Swelling, commonly seen after Traumatic Brain Injury
(TBI), can lead to dangerous increases in intracranial
pressure. - answer increased pressure can cause collateral
dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus
polyuria)
Autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia) - answer Affected at
the T5-T6 level or above.
Characterized by
paroxysmal hypertension (up to 300 mm Hg systolic),
a pounding headache,
blurred vision
sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the
skin
, The spinal cord injury results in disturbed thermal control
because the hypothalamus is unable to regulate body heat
as a result of a damaged sympathetic nervous system.
bradycardia (30 to 40 beats/minute).
Stimulation of the carotid sinus to the vagus nerve to the
sinoatrial node.
Delirium vs Dementia - answer 1. Delirium- Acute,
dramatic onset, common causes= illness, toxin,
withdrawal, usually reversible. Poor attention and
fluctating arousal level. Intense Autonomic Nerv System
Hyperactivity
2. Dementia: Chronic, insidious onset, usually not
reversible, attention usually unaffected and normal
arousal level.
Alzheimer Disease - answer Alzheimer Disease is the
leading cause of dementia and one of the most common
causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults. The
greatest risk factors are age and family history.
The exact cause of AD is unknown and there is no clear
understanding of this complex disease process. The
specific diagnosis of AD is made by postmortem
examination.
Stroke - answer Strokes are classified according to
pathophysiology: ischemic (thrombotic or embolic) is the
most common, global hypoperfusion (as in shock), or
intracerebral hemorrhage. Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
(most common area); either stem or branches of MCA.
Exam 2(44
questions with
complete
solutions)
Parasympathetic Nervous System - answer conserves
energy and the body's resources.
Sympathetic Nervous System - answer responds to stress
by preparing the body to defend itself
Catecholamines released - epinephrine
mobilizing energy stores, and decreases the release of
insulin;
redistributes blood flow - increases to muscles (flight) and
lungs, decreases to GI and integumentary
,Focal - Direct Impact - answer are specific, brain lesions
that occur in a precise location Epidural hemorrhage;
subdural hemorrhage.
Diffuse injuries - answer ♥Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
•Follows acceleration-deceleration injuries where there is
a rotational element
•Characterized by mild to severe axonal injury
•Results in scattered, diffuse loss of function
•A continuum of injury from DAI ranges from concussion
to persistent vegetative state
Swelling, commonly seen after Traumatic Brain Injury
(TBI), can lead to dangerous increases in intracranial
pressure. - answer increased pressure can cause collateral
dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus
polyuria)
Autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia) - answer Affected at
the T5-T6 level or above.
Characterized by
paroxysmal hypertension (up to 300 mm Hg systolic),
a pounding headache,
blurred vision
sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the
skin
, The spinal cord injury results in disturbed thermal control
because the hypothalamus is unable to regulate body heat
as a result of a damaged sympathetic nervous system.
bradycardia (30 to 40 beats/minute).
Stimulation of the carotid sinus to the vagus nerve to the
sinoatrial node.
Delirium vs Dementia - answer 1. Delirium- Acute,
dramatic onset, common causes= illness, toxin,
withdrawal, usually reversible. Poor attention and
fluctating arousal level. Intense Autonomic Nerv System
Hyperactivity
2. Dementia: Chronic, insidious onset, usually not
reversible, attention usually unaffected and normal
arousal level.
Alzheimer Disease - answer Alzheimer Disease is the
leading cause of dementia and one of the most common
causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults. The
greatest risk factors are age and family history.
The exact cause of AD is unknown and there is no clear
understanding of this complex disease process. The
specific diagnosis of AD is made by postmortem
examination.
Stroke - answer Strokes are classified according to
pathophysiology: ischemic (thrombotic or embolic) is the
most common, global hypoperfusion (as in shock), or
intracerebral hemorrhage. Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
(most common area); either stem or branches of MCA.
