Pathophysiology SLCC Guaranteed Solutions

Pathophysiology SLCC Guaranteed Solutions Homeostasis - Definition: - The body's ability to maintain a dynamic steady state of internal balance or equilibrium. Cell Changes 1. Hyperplasia - Definition: Increased number of cells. 2. Hypertrophy - Definition: Increased size of cells. - Causes: Increased workload or pathological conditions. 3. Atrophy - Definition: Reduced size of cells. - Causes: Disuse, malnutrition, and decreased blood flow. 4. Metaplasia - Definition: Replacement of one cell type with another that can better endure stress. - Causes: Chronic inflammation or irritation. 5. Dysplasia - Definition: Abnormal cell growth of a specific tissue. - Preceding Condition: Indicates potential cancerous changes. Cellular Changes Related to Sodium and Calcium - Sodium Build-up: - Occurs due to the breakdown of the sodium-potassium pump. - Consequence: Sodium collects in the cell, attracting water and causing intracellular swelling. - Fatty Changes: - Lipid accumulation in cells leads to impaired cell functions, often resulting in conditions like "fatty liver." - Calcium Build-up: - Calcium accumulates due to the breakdown of the Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ pump. - Consequence: Inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes. Cell Death Mechanisms 1. Apoptosis - Controlled cell death (implosion) where all components remain within the cell, eliciting no inflammatory response. 2. Necrosis - Uncontrolled cell death (explosion) where cell contents are released into the extracellular space, triggering an inflammatory response. Organs of the Immune System - Bone Marrow: Produces RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. - Thymus Gland: Site of T-cell production. - Lymph Nodes - Tonsils - Spleen Telomeres - Outermost tails of the chromosome arms. Cells of Inflammation 1. Endothelial Cells: - - Vasodilation/constriction - - Regulate blood thinning/prevent clotting - - Control entry/exit of blood vessels - - Control inflammatory mediators 2. Platelets: - Responsible for blood coagulation/clotting. - Release 300+ inflammatory mediators. 3. Leukocytes: - Major cellular component of the inflammatory response. - High neutrophil counts indicate inflammation and infection. - WBCs classified as granular or agranular. S.H.A.R.P. - Swelling - Heat - Altered function - Redness - Pain Granulocytes - GRANpa BEN 1. Neutrophils: First responders and most common. 2. Basophils: Respond to allergic reactions. 3. Eosinophils: Respond to allergic reactions and parasites. Agranulocytes - "A"nd GRANma Loves Money 1. Lymphocytes: Increase during viral and chronic infections; include B and T cells. 2. Monocytes: Become macrophages in tissues; perform phagocytosis to consume foreign particles. T-Cells - Function: Respond before B cells. - Produced in: Thymus Gland. 1. T Memory Cells: Remain in lymph nodes post-infection; enable rapid response to re-infection. 2. Helper T Cells: Activate/regulate T and B cells. 3. Killer T Cells: Attack viruses and tumor cells; ingest antigens via phagocytosis. 4. Natural Killer Cells: Attack abnormal cells, like cancer cells. 5. Suppressor T-Cells: Restore normal immune function post-infection; prevent autoimmunity. B Cells - Function: Respond after T cells by releasing antibodies and assisting T cell activation. - Produced in: Bone Marrow. Antigen - Antibody generator, essentially any substance that can provoke an immune response. - Location on Cells: They are present on the surface of cells, marking them for recognition by the immune system. --- It triggers the body to make antibodies (pollen, toxins, pathogens etc)