Test Bank: Memmler's The Human Body in Health and
Disease, Enhanced Edition 14th Edition by Cohen - Ch. 1-25,
9781284217964, with Rationales
Cytology - ANSWER: Study of cells
Compound Light Microscope - ANSWER: 1000x Magnification; Usually has 2 lenses & uses visible light
(Most commonly used in labs)
Transmission Electron Microscope - ANSWER: 1,000,000x Magnification; Uses electron beam in place
of visible light
Scanning Electron Microscope - ANSWER: 100,000x Magnification; 3D
Micrometer - ANSWER: 1/1,000 of a millimeter; Abbrev: mcm
Stain - ANSWER: Dye used to aide in viewing cells and tissues taken under a microscope
Plasma Membrane - ANSWER: Outer layer of the cell; Composed mainly of lipids and proteins; Freely
permeable to lipid-soluble substances because they can dissolve in & pass through the lipid bilayer
(Steroid hormones & gases); (FROM H/W: CONTAINS CHOLESTEROL & PHOSPHOLIPIDS)
Microvilli - ANSWER: Found on cells specializing in absorption of materials from EC fluid; Plasma
membrane is folded into multiple small projections that increase the membrane's surface area
allowing for greater absorption (like a sponge)
Channels - ANSWER: Pores in the membrane that allow specific substances to enter or leave
Transporters - ANSWER: Proteins that change shape as they shuttle substances across the membrane
Receptors - ANSWER: Allow for attachment of substances to the membrane
Enzymes - ANSWER: Participate in reactions at the membrane surface
Linkers - ANSWER: Help stabilize the plasma membrane and attach cells together
Organelles - ANSWER: Specialized structures inside the cell that perform different tasks
Nucleus - ANSWER: Largest of the organelles; "Control center" of the cell; Surrounded by the nuclear
membrane; Contains chromosomes (DNA)
Chromosomes - ANSWER: Threadlike structures of heredity; Info from chromosomes govern all
cellular activities; Most of the time, the chromosomes are loosely distributed throughout the nucleus,
except for when the cell is dividing, at which time the chromosomes tighten into their threadlike
forms
Nucleolus - ANSWER: "Little Nucleus"; Assembles ribosomes
Ribosomes - ANSWER: Assemble amino acids into proteins
Cytoplasm - ANSWER: Material that fills the cell between the nuclear & plasma membranes
,Cytosol - ANSWER: Liquid part of the Cytoplasm; A suspension of nutrients, electrolytes, enzymes, and
other specialized materials in water
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER: (ER) Membranous network located between the nuclear
membrane and the plasma membrane
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER: (Rough ER) Roughness due to ribosomes attached to it;
modifies, folds, and sorts PROTEINS; Cells that secrete proteins have lots of this; (FROM H/W:
MODIFIES PREVIOUSLY SYNTHESIZED PROTEINS)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER: Participates in lipid synthesis; Cells producing lipids have
lots of this
Golgi Apparatus - ANSWER: Stack of membranous sacs; PACKAGES PROTEINS; Cells that secrete
proteins have a prominent Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria - ANSWER: Large & bean shaped w/ internal folded membranes; PRODUCE ATP
Lysosomes - ANSWER: Small sacs of digestive enzymes; REMOVES or DEGRADES WASTE & FOREIGN
MATERIALS FROM CELL
Peroxisomes - ANSWER: Destroy harmful substances produced in metabolism
Proteasomes - ANSWER: BARREL SHAPED; Destroy improperly synthesized proteins; "Quality control"
of proteins
Vesicles - ANSWER: Small, membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm; Store materials & move materials
into or out of the cell in bulk
Centrioles - ANSWER: Rod-shaped, near nucleus; Help separate chromosomes during cell division
Cilia - ANSWER: Short, hairlike projections from the cell; Move fluids around the cell
Flagellum - ANSWER: Long, whiplike extension from the cell; Moves the cell (Only found on sperm
cells)
Semipermeable - ANSWER: The plasma membrane is permeable, or passable, to some molecules but
impermeable, or impassable, to others
Passive Movement - ANSWER: Movement through the plasma membrane that does not directly
require energy output by the cell; Depend on gradients
Gradients - ANSWER: Differences in a particular quality between two regions (EX: a sled moves freely
down an altitude gradient from a higher altitude to a lower altitude); In the body, many substances
move because of concentration gradients but some also use pressure gradients
Diffusion - ANSWER: The net movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration
to one of lower concentration (Diffusing substances spread throughout a space until concentration is
even); DOES NOT REQUIRE ATP; Particles follow or MOVE DOWN their CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
from higher concentration to lower concentration; Lipid-soluble substances diffuse freely across the
plasma membrane when a concentration gradient exists while Water-soluble substances require an
ion channel or transporter protein for diffusion (EX: Glucose)
Osmosis - ANSWER: Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane; water moves rapidly
through the plasma membrane of most cells with the help of AQUAPORINS
, Isotonic Solution - ANSWER: Contains the same concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) as the
cytoplasm of the cell (EX: IV Fluids: 0.9% Salt or normal saline, 5% dextrose aka glucose)
Hypotonic Solution - ANSWER: Less concentrated (Contains less dissolved substances & more water)
than the cytoplasm; Cells placed in this solution will draw in water, swell, and often burst; (Less than
0.9% salt or 5% dextrose)
Hypertonic Solution - ANSWER: More concentrated (Contains more dissolved substances & less
water) than the cytoplasm; Cells placed in this solution will lose water to the surrounding fluids &
shrink (Higher than 0.9% salt or 5% dextrose)
Hemolysis - ANSWER: When a red blood cell draws in water, swells, and bursts; Occurs in hypotonic
solutions (hem/o means "blood")
Crenation - ANSWER: When a cell loses water & shrinks; Occurs in hypertonic solutions
"Water follows salt" - ANSWER: You can figure out which direction water will move through the
plasma membrane if you remember this saying. In this saying, "Salt" refers to any dissolved material
or 'solute.'
Filtration - ANSWER: The passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane down a
PRESSURE gradient from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure (EX: coffee filter)
Active Transport - ANSWER: The movement of solutes AGAINST the CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
using membrane transporters. (Requires ATP)
Bulk Transport - ANSWER: Uses vesicles & ATP to move large amounts of substances (Endocytosis &
exocytosis)
Endocytosis - ANSWER: Bulk movement of materials INTO the CELL (Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis)
Phagocytosis - ANSWER: Large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane and moved into the
cell; PHAG/O MEANS "TO EAT"
Pinocytosis - ANSWER: DROPLETS of FLUID are engulfed by the plasma membrane; PINOCYTOSIS
MEANS "CELL DRINKING"
Exocytosis - ANSWER: Cell moves materials OUT in vesicles
Genes - ANSWER: Carry messages for development of particular inherited characteristics
DNA - ANSWER: Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Composed of sub-units called Nucleotides; Double-stranded
helix (A,T,G,C)
RNA - ANSWER: Ribonucleic Acid; Participates in protein synthesis but is NOT part of the DNA
(A,C,G,U)
Transcription - ANSWER: Info from DNA is copied to RNA inside nucleus; (FROM H/W: RNA SYNTHESIS;
also stated it as ASSEMBLY OF RNA STRAND)
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - ANSWER: Carries DNA info from nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - ANSWER: Compose ribosomes along w/ proteins
Translation - ANSWER: Info retrieved from the mRNA is decoded to assemble amino acids into the
long chains that form proteins (FROM H/W: AMINO ACIDS ASSEMBLED INTO PROTEINS)
Disease, Enhanced Edition 14th Edition by Cohen - Ch. 1-25,
9781284217964, with Rationales
Cytology - ANSWER: Study of cells
Compound Light Microscope - ANSWER: 1000x Magnification; Usually has 2 lenses & uses visible light
(Most commonly used in labs)
Transmission Electron Microscope - ANSWER: 1,000,000x Magnification; Uses electron beam in place
of visible light
Scanning Electron Microscope - ANSWER: 100,000x Magnification; 3D
Micrometer - ANSWER: 1/1,000 of a millimeter; Abbrev: mcm
Stain - ANSWER: Dye used to aide in viewing cells and tissues taken under a microscope
Plasma Membrane - ANSWER: Outer layer of the cell; Composed mainly of lipids and proteins; Freely
permeable to lipid-soluble substances because they can dissolve in & pass through the lipid bilayer
(Steroid hormones & gases); (FROM H/W: CONTAINS CHOLESTEROL & PHOSPHOLIPIDS)
Microvilli - ANSWER: Found on cells specializing in absorption of materials from EC fluid; Plasma
membrane is folded into multiple small projections that increase the membrane's surface area
allowing for greater absorption (like a sponge)
Channels - ANSWER: Pores in the membrane that allow specific substances to enter or leave
Transporters - ANSWER: Proteins that change shape as they shuttle substances across the membrane
Receptors - ANSWER: Allow for attachment of substances to the membrane
Enzymes - ANSWER: Participate in reactions at the membrane surface
Linkers - ANSWER: Help stabilize the plasma membrane and attach cells together
Organelles - ANSWER: Specialized structures inside the cell that perform different tasks
Nucleus - ANSWER: Largest of the organelles; "Control center" of the cell; Surrounded by the nuclear
membrane; Contains chromosomes (DNA)
Chromosomes - ANSWER: Threadlike structures of heredity; Info from chromosomes govern all
cellular activities; Most of the time, the chromosomes are loosely distributed throughout the nucleus,
except for when the cell is dividing, at which time the chromosomes tighten into their threadlike
forms
Nucleolus - ANSWER: "Little Nucleus"; Assembles ribosomes
Ribosomes - ANSWER: Assemble amino acids into proteins
Cytoplasm - ANSWER: Material that fills the cell between the nuclear & plasma membranes
,Cytosol - ANSWER: Liquid part of the Cytoplasm; A suspension of nutrients, electrolytes, enzymes, and
other specialized materials in water
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER: (ER) Membranous network located between the nuclear
membrane and the plasma membrane
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER: (Rough ER) Roughness due to ribosomes attached to it;
modifies, folds, and sorts PROTEINS; Cells that secrete proteins have lots of this; (FROM H/W:
MODIFIES PREVIOUSLY SYNTHESIZED PROTEINS)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER: Participates in lipid synthesis; Cells producing lipids have
lots of this
Golgi Apparatus - ANSWER: Stack of membranous sacs; PACKAGES PROTEINS; Cells that secrete
proteins have a prominent Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria - ANSWER: Large & bean shaped w/ internal folded membranes; PRODUCE ATP
Lysosomes - ANSWER: Small sacs of digestive enzymes; REMOVES or DEGRADES WASTE & FOREIGN
MATERIALS FROM CELL
Peroxisomes - ANSWER: Destroy harmful substances produced in metabolism
Proteasomes - ANSWER: BARREL SHAPED; Destroy improperly synthesized proteins; "Quality control"
of proteins
Vesicles - ANSWER: Small, membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm; Store materials & move materials
into or out of the cell in bulk
Centrioles - ANSWER: Rod-shaped, near nucleus; Help separate chromosomes during cell division
Cilia - ANSWER: Short, hairlike projections from the cell; Move fluids around the cell
Flagellum - ANSWER: Long, whiplike extension from the cell; Moves the cell (Only found on sperm
cells)
Semipermeable - ANSWER: The plasma membrane is permeable, or passable, to some molecules but
impermeable, or impassable, to others
Passive Movement - ANSWER: Movement through the plasma membrane that does not directly
require energy output by the cell; Depend on gradients
Gradients - ANSWER: Differences in a particular quality between two regions (EX: a sled moves freely
down an altitude gradient from a higher altitude to a lower altitude); In the body, many substances
move because of concentration gradients but some also use pressure gradients
Diffusion - ANSWER: The net movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration
to one of lower concentration (Diffusing substances spread throughout a space until concentration is
even); DOES NOT REQUIRE ATP; Particles follow or MOVE DOWN their CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
from higher concentration to lower concentration; Lipid-soluble substances diffuse freely across the
plasma membrane when a concentration gradient exists while Water-soluble substances require an
ion channel or transporter protein for diffusion (EX: Glucose)
Osmosis - ANSWER: Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane; water moves rapidly
through the plasma membrane of most cells with the help of AQUAPORINS
, Isotonic Solution - ANSWER: Contains the same concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) as the
cytoplasm of the cell (EX: IV Fluids: 0.9% Salt or normal saline, 5% dextrose aka glucose)
Hypotonic Solution - ANSWER: Less concentrated (Contains less dissolved substances & more water)
than the cytoplasm; Cells placed in this solution will draw in water, swell, and often burst; (Less than
0.9% salt or 5% dextrose)
Hypertonic Solution - ANSWER: More concentrated (Contains more dissolved substances & less
water) than the cytoplasm; Cells placed in this solution will lose water to the surrounding fluids &
shrink (Higher than 0.9% salt or 5% dextrose)
Hemolysis - ANSWER: When a red blood cell draws in water, swells, and bursts; Occurs in hypotonic
solutions (hem/o means "blood")
Crenation - ANSWER: When a cell loses water & shrinks; Occurs in hypertonic solutions
"Water follows salt" - ANSWER: You can figure out which direction water will move through the
plasma membrane if you remember this saying. In this saying, "Salt" refers to any dissolved material
or 'solute.'
Filtration - ANSWER: The passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane down a
PRESSURE gradient from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure (EX: coffee filter)
Active Transport - ANSWER: The movement of solutes AGAINST the CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
using membrane transporters. (Requires ATP)
Bulk Transport - ANSWER: Uses vesicles & ATP to move large amounts of substances (Endocytosis &
exocytosis)
Endocytosis - ANSWER: Bulk movement of materials INTO the CELL (Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis)
Phagocytosis - ANSWER: Large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane and moved into the
cell; PHAG/O MEANS "TO EAT"
Pinocytosis - ANSWER: DROPLETS of FLUID are engulfed by the plasma membrane; PINOCYTOSIS
MEANS "CELL DRINKING"
Exocytosis - ANSWER: Cell moves materials OUT in vesicles
Genes - ANSWER: Carry messages for development of particular inherited characteristics
DNA - ANSWER: Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Composed of sub-units called Nucleotides; Double-stranded
helix (A,T,G,C)
RNA - ANSWER: Ribonucleic Acid; Participates in protein synthesis but is NOT part of the DNA
(A,C,G,U)
Transcription - ANSWER: Info from DNA is copied to RNA inside nucleus; (FROM H/W: RNA SYNTHESIS;
also stated it as ASSEMBLY OF RNA STRAND)
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - ANSWER: Carries DNA info from nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - ANSWER: Compose ribosomes along w/ proteins
Translation - ANSWER: Info retrieved from the mRNA is decoded to assemble amino acids into the
long chains that form proteins (FROM H/W: AMINO ACIDS ASSEMBLED INTO PROTEINS)
