PVL systems Comprehensive Exam Prep Actual Questions And Correct Detailed Answers.

Arteries carry - correct answer oxygenated blood away from the heart Veins carry - correct answer deoxygenated blood to the heart what does the spleen do? - correct answer destroys old rbc's, produces antibodies, filters microorganisms from the blood what does the tonsils respond to? - correct answer inflammation what does the thymus do? - correct answer develops T lymphocytes in the immune system of children, atrophies after puberty what is the primary function of the lymphatic system? - correct answer drain excess fluid and plasma proteins from bodily tissues and return them to the venous system what happens during circulation? - correct answer more fluid leaves the capillaries than the veins can absorb what does draining excess fluid prevent? - correct answer edema (a buildup of fluid in the interstitial space) What is arteriosclerosis? - correct answer hardening or thickening of the arterial walls arteriosclerosis in older adults - correct answer blood vessels become thick and stiff that restricts blood flow peripheral blood vessels are more rigid w/ age What is artherosclerosis? - correct answer -plaque that is formed inside the walls of arteries Atherosclerosis in older adults - correct answer develops gradually increases with smokers and diabetics What does artherosclerosis lead to? - correct answer PAD (undiagnosed and treated), painful walking, poor wound healing, increased risk for DVT's and even Pes What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm? - correct answer an enlargement of the aorta, the main blood vessel that delivers blood to the body at the level of the abdomen 1. Balloon like dilation of the abdominal aorta 2. Usually arises below the renal arteries, but ABOVE the aortic bifurcation*** AAA facts - correct answer grows slowly w/o symptoms if the aneurysm is growing larger, pulsations at the abdomen may be palpable or visible a ruptured aneurysm is life threatening small =less than 5.5 centimeters or slow growing larger = opposite (ruptures first) risk factors for an AAA - correct answer male, obese, over 60, family heart history, HBP, high cholesterol, sedentary lifestyle, smoker if a patient w/ an AAA has sudden _____ yk it has ruptured - correct answer pain in abdomen and back, clammy (wet skin), sweaty skin, increased HR, Loss of consciousness signs that can be associated with arterial insufficiency - correct answer cold, pale, clammy skin on extremities, shiny skin signs that can be associated with venous insufficiency - correct answer warm skin, edema, & brown pigmentation around the ankles what is peripheral Arterial Disease? - correct answer When an artery in a limb becomes blocked facts about PAD - correct answer blockage develops over a lifetime symptoms do not occur or appear until 60% blockage intermittent claudication - correct answer pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking; a condition seen in peripheral arterial disease what is intermittent claudication (pain when walking) characterized by? - correct answer weakness, cramping, aching, fatigue, or frank pain w/ activity relieved with rest Where is intermittent claudication located? - correct answer located in the calves, thighs, or buttocks rarely in feet what is edema a result of? - correct answer obstruction of the lymphatic system or from venous insufficiency from such conditions as incompetent valves or decreased osmotic pressure in the capillaries what is peripheral vascular disease usually associated with? - correct answer delayed wound healing Facts about ulcers associated with arterial disease - correct answer painful often located on the toes, foot, or lateral ankle venous ulcers are usually - correct answer painless, occur on the lower leg or medial ankle central arterial or venous disease may be manifested early as - correct answer erectile dysfunction ED may occur with - correct answer decreased blood flow or an occlusion of the blood vessels in one type of PAD known as aortoiliac occlusion what is Raynaud's disorder? - correct answer vasoconstriction or vasospasm of fingers/toes with color change what symptoms are seen with Raynaud's disease? - correct answer pallor, cyanosis (blue color), redness, swelling, pain, numbness, tingling, burning, throbbing, and coldness Allen test - correct answer test that determines the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery abnormal findings of the legs - correct answer pallor, dark colored toes, and blisters are seen with arterial insufficiency and gangrene what can edema be caused by? - correct answer heart failure, constriction of the blood vessels, DVT, loss of hair on the legs suggests arterial insufficiency, THIN/SHINY what does brown discoloration of the legs mean? - correct answer chronic venous stasis caused by hemosiderin deposits from RBC's degeneration hemosiderin staining - correct answer Hemosiderin a protein compound that stores iron in your tissues and can accumulate under your skin. When red blood cells break down, the hemoglobin releases iron. The trapped iron is then stored as hemosiderin in tissues beneath your skin, causing visible hemosiderin staining. position change test for arterial insufficiency - correct answer raise leg 12 in for 30 secs, drain off venous blood then, sit on side of bed (compare color of feet should return in 15 secs), test lower legs for sensation, then test strength abnormal findings of arterial insufficiency test - correct answer pallor w/ elevated legs, pink color that takes longer than 10 secs Ankle Brachial Index - correct answer clinical presentation chronic arterial insufficiency - correct answer intermittent claudication progresses to pain at rest, due to tissue ischemia, pulses are decreased or absent, pale especially when elevated, cool skin temp, edema may be absent or mild, skin appears shiny/thin, loss of hair on the lower legs, dry skin, ulcerations generally on toes on toes or points of trauma, nails are thick/rigged, ulcers are painful, shape is circular, ulcer base is pale black-gangrene arterial-ishemic ulcer - correct answer due to decreased blood flow to the area, tend to be on toes, metatarsal heads, heels, lateral ankle pale, ischemic base, well defined edges chronic venous insufficiency clinical presentation - correct answer pain is aching/cramping, due to venous stasis & hypertension, pulses are normal but may be hard to find, skin temp is normal, has brown pigmentation, skin thickens and is rough, ulcerations tend to occur at the side of the ankles ulcer depth is superficial base is beefy red-yellow neuropathic ulcers clinical presentation - correct answer develops in pressure point areas w/ diminished sensation often in diabetics, no pain is associated & often goes unnoticed, increased risk for infection (dysfunction of the arterial wall) Abnormal venous findings: lymphedema - correct answer stage 0- no obvious signs/symptoms, edema not evident, lymph drainage is subclinical stage 1- swelling is present, pits w/ pressure elevation relieve swelling, skin is smooth, (reversible) stage 2- tissue is firm, skin looks tight and shiny, skin may feel spongy, pitting may be present as hardening, elevation does it completely alleviate, hair ,loss or nail changes may be present in effected extremities stage 3- extremity has progressed to the lymphostatic elephantiasis, limb is large, affected area is non pitting, often with permanent eczema, skin is thick w/ hard tissue, is unresponsive, skin folds develop, can be at risk for recurrent cellulitis, affected area may ooze fluid, varicose veins - correct answer abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs.. from IVP and venous pooling spider veins - correct answer dilated blood vessels, typically found in the legs, that radiate from a central point.. from standing in place for a long time