BIO 669 Neuro I Questions and answers
| Latest 2024/25 Rated A+
3 components of a neuron - cell body/soma, dendrites, axons
II II II II II II II II II II II
II IIDensely packed cell bodies in the CNS are ______________. - nuclei
II II II II II II II II II II II II
II IIDensely packed cell bodies in the PNS are _____________. - ganglia
II II II II II II II II II II II II
_______________ are the receiving part of the neuron. They receive incoming signals
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
and send signals to the neuron ____ ________. They eventually converge into the
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
___________ ____________. - Dendrites, cell body, axon hillock
II II II II II II II II II II
II II_____________ are able to be affected by external stimuli. - Dendrites II II II II II II II II II II II II
_________- take the signal to the end of the cell and carry impulses AWAY from the cell
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
body toward another neuron or effector. - axons
II II II II II II II II II II
The ____________ ___________ is a cone-shape where the axon leaves the cell body.
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
The axon hillock determines whether there is enough ____________ ______________
II II II II II II II II II II
_______________ to develop and sustain an AP to send down the axon hillock. - axon
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
hillock, excitatory graded potentials
II II II II
As dendrites bring signals into the ___________ ____ _______ some may be
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
_____________-more likely to generate signal or ____________-prevent signal from
II II II II II II II II II
being developed. - neuron cell body, excitatory, inhibitory
II II II II II II II II II II
The initial segment of the axon is the area of the axon having the _________ threshold
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
for stimulation, so the AP ________ at this point. - lowest, begin
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
During the __________ state, an imbalance of ions is created and maintained by ion
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
pumps and lack of permeability to ions. - resting state
II II II II II II II II II II II II
The concentration of ions are given in ___. The separation or _______________ of ions
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
and charges creates an ____________ _____________. Little to no difference in
II II II II II II II II II II II
charges between inside and outside __________________. - mOsm,mM
II II II II II II II II II II
polarization
electrical potential II
depolarization
The __________ __________ refers to the inside of the cell, a -70mV -the charge
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
associated with the inside of the cell means that the inside aka the ____________ is more
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
__________ than the extracellular environment. - membrane potential, cytoplasm, more
II II II II II II II II II II II II
negative
II
, The inside of the cell is __________ charged and the outside of the cell is
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
_____________ charged. The different in charges is found at the ______________ not
II II II II II II II II II II II II
the cell as a whole. What ions cause this difference? - negatively, positively
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
membrane, K & Na but mostly Na II II II II II II
Which way would K & Na move if left to diffusion and the membrane were permeable? -
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
High to low if left solely to diffusion.
II II II II II II II II
IF there is 150 mM Na and 5mM K outside the cell and 15 mM Na and 150 mM K inside,
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
why would they not diffuse equally fast across the membrane? - There are two forces
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
acting on the ions. Iff both Na & K were fully permeable, there would be a lot more Na
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
move in than K move out bc the 2nd thing to help drive these ions is the cell charges.
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Since the inside of the cell is negative, it lends an additional force to move the Na in and
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
retain K.
II II
The _____________ ______________ is used to describe the forces affecting ion
II II II II II II II II II II II II
movement if allowed to become permeable to a membrane. ___________ gradients
II II II II II II II II II II II
move from high to low concentration, thus becoming more ___________ aka a
II II II II II II II II II II II II
_________ energy state. - electrochemical gradient, Chemical, random, lower energy
II II II II II II II II II II II II
state
II
___________ gradients where opposite charges attract, similar charges repel which can
II II II II II II II II II II II II
set up a force to move charged particles. ____________ are charges separated by a
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
membrane and are measured in _______ - Electrical gradients-where opposite charges
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
attract,
II II
potentials
volts, mV II
_________ __________ __________ is the result of retained proteins within the cell and
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
ions mostly Na & K, creating ____________- gradients resulting in a relatively ________
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
charge within the inner aspect of the plasma membrane. - Resting membrane potential
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
electrochemical
negative
Na is _________ charged and attracted to a ______ environment inside the cell. It also
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
has a high ____________ gradient helping to pull Na _____ as well. Both forces help to
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
favor movement of Na _______ the cell. - Na is postitively charged, negative
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
concentration, in, into II II
How to tell whether the K will leave the cell or stay? Look at the _______________-
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
gradient. In this case, K is more likely to ______. It will continue to leave until the cell's
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
inside is _________ enough to pull back as many K ions in as are leaving, that will be K
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
____________ potential. - electrochemical gradient, leave, negative, equilibrium
II II II II II II II II II II
| Latest 2024/25 Rated A+
3 components of a neuron - cell body/soma, dendrites, axons
II II II II II II II II II II II
II IIDensely packed cell bodies in the CNS are ______________. - nuclei
II II II II II II II II II II II II
II IIDensely packed cell bodies in the PNS are _____________. - ganglia
II II II II II II II II II II II II
_______________ are the receiving part of the neuron. They receive incoming signals
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
and send signals to the neuron ____ ________. They eventually converge into the
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
___________ ____________. - Dendrites, cell body, axon hillock
II II II II II II II II II II
II II_____________ are able to be affected by external stimuli. - Dendrites II II II II II II II II II II II II
_________- take the signal to the end of the cell and carry impulses AWAY from the cell
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
body toward another neuron or effector. - axons
II II II II II II II II II II
The ____________ ___________ is a cone-shape where the axon leaves the cell body.
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
The axon hillock determines whether there is enough ____________ ______________
II II II II II II II II II II
_______________ to develop and sustain an AP to send down the axon hillock. - axon
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
hillock, excitatory graded potentials
II II II II
As dendrites bring signals into the ___________ ____ _______ some may be
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
_____________-more likely to generate signal or ____________-prevent signal from
II II II II II II II II II
being developed. - neuron cell body, excitatory, inhibitory
II II II II II II II II II II
The initial segment of the axon is the area of the axon having the _________ threshold
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
for stimulation, so the AP ________ at this point. - lowest, begin
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
During the __________ state, an imbalance of ions is created and maintained by ion
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
pumps and lack of permeability to ions. - resting state
II II II II II II II II II II II II
The concentration of ions are given in ___. The separation or _______________ of ions
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
and charges creates an ____________ _____________. Little to no difference in
II II II II II II II II II II II
charges between inside and outside __________________. - mOsm,mM
II II II II II II II II II II
polarization
electrical potential II
depolarization
The __________ __________ refers to the inside of the cell, a -70mV -the charge
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
associated with the inside of the cell means that the inside aka the ____________ is more
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
__________ than the extracellular environment. - membrane potential, cytoplasm, more
II II II II II II II II II II II II
negative
II
, The inside of the cell is __________ charged and the outside of the cell is
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
_____________ charged. The different in charges is found at the ______________ not
II II II II II II II II II II II II
the cell as a whole. What ions cause this difference? - negatively, positively
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
membrane, K & Na but mostly Na II II II II II II
Which way would K & Na move if left to diffusion and the membrane were permeable? -
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
High to low if left solely to diffusion.
II II II II II II II II
IF there is 150 mM Na and 5mM K outside the cell and 15 mM Na and 150 mM K inside,
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
why would they not diffuse equally fast across the membrane? - There are two forces
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
acting on the ions. Iff both Na & K were fully permeable, there would be a lot more Na
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
move in than K move out bc the 2nd thing to help drive these ions is the cell charges.
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Since the inside of the cell is negative, it lends an additional force to move the Na in and
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
retain K.
II II
The _____________ ______________ is used to describe the forces affecting ion
II II II II II II II II II II II II
movement if allowed to become permeable to a membrane. ___________ gradients
II II II II II II II II II II II
move from high to low concentration, thus becoming more ___________ aka a
II II II II II II II II II II II II
_________ energy state. - electrochemical gradient, Chemical, random, lower energy
II II II II II II II II II II II II
state
II
___________ gradients where opposite charges attract, similar charges repel which can
II II II II II II II II II II II II
set up a force to move charged particles. ____________ are charges separated by a
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
membrane and are measured in _______ - Electrical gradients-where opposite charges
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
attract,
II II
potentials
volts, mV II
_________ __________ __________ is the result of retained proteins within the cell and
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
ions mostly Na & K, creating ____________- gradients resulting in a relatively ________
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
charge within the inner aspect of the plasma membrane. - Resting membrane potential
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
electrochemical
negative
Na is _________ charged and attracted to a ______ environment inside the cell. It also
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
has a high ____________ gradient helping to pull Na _____ as well. Both forces help to
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
favor movement of Na _______ the cell. - Na is postitively charged, negative
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
concentration, in, into II II
How to tell whether the K will leave the cell or stay? Look at the _______________-
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
gradient. In this case, K is more likely to ______. It will continue to leave until the cell's
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
inside is _________ enough to pull back as many K ions in as are leaving, that will be K
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
____________ potential. - electrochemical gradient, leave, negative, equilibrium
II II II II II II II II II II
