Discuss the Multi Store Model of memory. (6+10)
Atkinson and Shiffrin Sensory register Short-term memory Long-term memory
• Suggested that memory is made • Memory stores for each sense • Limited capacity store as it only • Permanent memory store,
up of three stores linked • Vision – ionic store (visual retains a certain amount of info rehearsed for long period of
together by processing coding) hearing – echoic store before we forget time
• Receptors detect stimuli and this (acoustic coding) • Coded acoustically and lasts • Unlimited capacity and lasts for
info is then put into your • Massive capacity of sensory about 30 seconds unless very long time
sensory memory. It then goes to registers rehearsed • Coded semantically
your short-term memory where • Info from this is input into MSM • If we rehearse long enough the • For retrieval to happen it needs
its forgotten unless you • Attention is key for the info to info will move into our long- to come back into short term
maintain it. It then goes to your pass to the next stage term memory memory for us to be able to
long-term memory. It retrieved recall the memory
from your long-term memory.
Baddeley Case study Shallice and Wallington Logie/Ruchkin
• Mix up similar sounding words • Anonymous patient HM • Studied patient KF with amnesia • Logie – Short-term memory
using short-term memory, mix • Underwent brain surgery for • Short-term memory for digits relies too much on long-term
up words with similar meanings epilepsy, hippocampus removed higher when he read to himself memory so shouldn’t come first
using long term memory • Couldn’t remember anything than when they were read out • Ruchkin et al – PPs recalled
• Short-term memory coded within two years or anything loud words and pseudo words
acoustically, long-term coded that happened within the • Suggests MSM is more complex • More activity with real words so
semantically previous hour • Could be another type of store it required processing in other
• Suggests the two stores are • Was able to perform well on for nonverbal sounds areas of the brain
independent/separate like the memory tests suggesting there • Short-term memory is a small
MSM are two separate stores part of long-term memory
Craik and Watkins
• Improved the model
• Elaborative rehearsal, when you
link info to your existing
knowledge, is more likely to
transfer the info into long-term
memory
• Quality of rehearsal more
important than time spent on
rehearsal
, Outline and evaluate the Working Memory Model. (6+10)
Central Executive Phonological loop Visuo-spatial sketch pad Episodic buffer
• Baddeley and Hitch developed • Slave system which processes • Stores visual and spatial • Added to the model by Baddeley
the WWM information in terms of sound information when required in 2000
• The CE coordinates activities in • Can process written or spoken • Logie subdivided the VSS into • Temporary store which
the sub systems in memory material visual cache which stores visual integrates visual, auditory, and
• It allocates slave systems to • Subdivided into phonological data (form and colour) and the spatial information processed by
these activities store which is where the words inner scribe which records the other stores
• Monitors incoming data and you hear are processed and the arrangement of objects in the • Maintains sense of time
makes decisions articulatory process which visual fields sequencing
• Limited capacity involves maintenance rehearsal • Records events that have
• 2 second capacity happened
Shallice and Warrington Baddeley Cognitive psychologists Word length effect
• Patient KF had suffered brain • Showed that participants had • Baddeley’s explanation for CE • Research suggested by Baddeley
damage difficulty doing two visual tasks too superficial where people found it difficult to
• Poor short-term memory ability simultaneously than doing a • Baddeley said the CE is the most remember lists of long words
for verbal information but could visual and a verbal task at the important part but the least rather than lists of short words.
process visual information same time understood • He suggests that there is a finite
• Suggest only the phonological • Because both visual tasks • Some psychologists believe the space for rehearsal in the
loop had been damaged compete for the same slave CE has lots of different sections articulatory process.
• Supports idea of separate visual system at the same time and in • WMM not yet fully explained, • Word length effect disappears if
and acoustic stores other situations there is no still a work in progress the person is given articulatory
competition suppression task
Brain scanning Driving laws
• Braver et al gave pps tasks that • Using your mobile phone whilst
involved the CE while their driving is against the law
brains were being scanned. • By looking at your phone and
• Found greater activity in the left using your visual skills to drive,
prefrontal cortex. it’s competing within the VSS
• As the task became harder, slave system
activity became stronger. • However just listening to your
• Suggests CE needs to use slave phone or the radio is allowed as
systems when the demands it uses different slave systems,
become greater so it doesn’t compete
Atkinson and Shiffrin Sensory register Short-term memory Long-term memory
• Suggested that memory is made • Memory stores for each sense • Limited capacity store as it only • Permanent memory store,
up of three stores linked • Vision – ionic store (visual retains a certain amount of info rehearsed for long period of
together by processing coding) hearing – echoic store before we forget time
• Receptors detect stimuli and this (acoustic coding) • Coded acoustically and lasts • Unlimited capacity and lasts for
info is then put into your • Massive capacity of sensory about 30 seconds unless very long time
sensory memory. It then goes to registers rehearsed • Coded semantically
your short-term memory where • Info from this is input into MSM • If we rehearse long enough the • For retrieval to happen it needs
its forgotten unless you • Attention is key for the info to info will move into our long- to come back into short term
maintain it. It then goes to your pass to the next stage term memory memory for us to be able to
long-term memory. It retrieved recall the memory
from your long-term memory.
Baddeley Case study Shallice and Wallington Logie/Ruchkin
• Mix up similar sounding words • Anonymous patient HM • Studied patient KF with amnesia • Logie – Short-term memory
using short-term memory, mix • Underwent brain surgery for • Short-term memory for digits relies too much on long-term
up words with similar meanings epilepsy, hippocampus removed higher when he read to himself memory so shouldn’t come first
using long term memory • Couldn’t remember anything than when they were read out • Ruchkin et al – PPs recalled
• Short-term memory coded within two years or anything loud words and pseudo words
acoustically, long-term coded that happened within the • Suggests MSM is more complex • More activity with real words so
semantically previous hour • Could be another type of store it required processing in other
• Suggests the two stores are • Was able to perform well on for nonverbal sounds areas of the brain
independent/separate like the memory tests suggesting there • Short-term memory is a small
MSM are two separate stores part of long-term memory
Craik and Watkins
• Improved the model
• Elaborative rehearsal, when you
link info to your existing
knowledge, is more likely to
transfer the info into long-term
memory
• Quality of rehearsal more
important than time spent on
rehearsal
, Outline and evaluate the Working Memory Model. (6+10)
Central Executive Phonological loop Visuo-spatial sketch pad Episodic buffer
• Baddeley and Hitch developed • Slave system which processes • Stores visual and spatial • Added to the model by Baddeley
the WWM information in terms of sound information when required in 2000
• The CE coordinates activities in • Can process written or spoken • Logie subdivided the VSS into • Temporary store which
the sub systems in memory material visual cache which stores visual integrates visual, auditory, and
• It allocates slave systems to • Subdivided into phonological data (form and colour) and the spatial information processed by
these activities store which is where the words inner scribe which records the other stores
• Monitors incoming data and you hear are processed and the arrangement of objects in the • Maintains sense of time
makes decisions articulatory process which visual fields sequencing
• Limited capacity involves maintenance rehearsal • Records events that have
• 2 second capacity happened
Shallice and Warrington Baddeley Cognitive psychologists Word length effect
• Patient KF had suffered brain • Showed that participants had • Baddeley’s explanation for CE • Research suggested by Baddeley
damage difficulty doing two visual tasks too superficial where people found it difficult to
• Poor short-term memory ability simultaneously than doing a • Baddeley said the CE is the most remember lists of long words
for verbal information but could visual and a verbal task at the important part but the least rather than lists of short words.
process visual information same time understood • He suggests that there is a finite
• Suggest only the phonological • Because both visual tasks • Some psychologists believe the space for rehearsal in the
loop had been damaged compete for the same slave CE has lots of different sections articulatory process.
• Supports idea of separate visual system at the same time and in • WMM not yet fully explained, • Word length effect disappears if
and acoustic stores other situations there is no still a work in progress the person is given articulatory
competition suppression task
Brain scanning Driving laws
• Braver et al gave pps tasks that • Using your mobile phone whilst
involved the CE while their driving is against the law
brains were being scanned. • By looking at your phone and
• Found greater activity in the left using your visual skills to drive,
prefrontal cortex. it’s competing within the VSS
• As the task became harder, slave system
activity became stronger. • However just listening to your
• Suggests CE needs to use slave phone or the radio is allowed as
systems when the demands it uses different slave systems,
become greater so it doesn’t compete
