,© 2017 University of South Africa
All rights reserved
Printed and published by the
University of South Africa
Muckleneuk, Pretoria
TRT3702/1/2018–2019
70616140
, CONTENTS
Overview vii
SECTION 1: SPECIAL INTEREST TOURISM 1
LEARNING UNIT 1: Overview of special interest tourism 2
1.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 3
1.2 Introduction 3
1.3 Mass tourism 3
1.4 SIT explained 4
1.5 Mass tourism versus SIT 5
1.6 Conclusion 8
References 9
SECTION 2: NATURE-BASED TOURISM 11
LEARNING UNIT 2: Ecotourism 12
2.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 13
2.2 Introduction 13
2.3 Types of ecotourism 14
2.4 Benefits of ecotourism 15
2.5 How to create ecotouristic products 15
2.5.1 Step 1: Considering sustainability 15
2.5.2 Step 2: Feasibility study 16
2.5.3 Step 3: Planning 17
2.5.4 Step 4: Assessment and approval 18
2.5.5 Step 5: Development (construction) 18
2.5.6 Step 6: Operation and management 18
2.6 Conclusion 18
References 19
LEARNING UNIT 3: Adventure tourism 20
3.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 21
3.2 Introduction 21
3.3 Defining adventure tourism 21
3.4 Types of adventure tourism 22
3.5 Tourism’s contribution to adventure 22
3.6 Management and marketing proposition 23
3.7 Perceptions of challenge and risk 24
3.8 Conclusion 24
References 25
iii . . . . . .C o. n.t .e n. t .s
, LEARNING UNIT 4: Cultural tourism 26
4.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 27
4.2 Introduction 27
4.3 Cultural tourists 28
4.4 Cultural tourism: nature-based or not? 30
4.4.1 Cultural tourism as a component of nature-based tourism 30
4.4.2 Cultural tourism as part of other components of SIT 30
4.5 Development possibilities for small historical towns 30
4.5.1 Population of small towns and the development of tourism 30
4.5.2 Destination management in the development of cultural tourism 31
4.6 Economic impacts of cultural heritage projects 31
4.6.1 Direct effects of investment in cultural tourism 31
4.6.2 Indirect investment in cultural tourism 31
4.6.3 Sociocultural impacts of tourism on cultures 32
4.7 Conclusion 32
References 33
SECTION 3: SPECIAL EVENTS 35
LEARNING UNIT 5: Festival tourism 36
5.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 37
5.2 Introduction 37
5.3 Festivals 39
5.3.1 Festival motivation 40
5.4 Festival experience 40
5.4.1 Managerial elements 40
5.4.2 Consumer (tourist) experience elements 41
5.4.3 Prism of event experience 41
5.5 Renewing festivals 41
5.5.1 Innovation 41
5.5.2 Innovation networks 42
5.5.3 Emergent innovation work 42
5.6 Positive and negative impacts of festivals 42
5.7 Conclusion 43
References 44
LEARNING UNIT 6: Food tourism 45
6.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 46
6.2 Introduction 46
6.3 Food and tourism 46
6.4 The role of festivals in food tourism 47
6.5 Food festival motivation 47
6.6 Conclusion 50
References 51
LEARNING UNIT 7: Wine tourism 52
7.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 53
iv . . . . . .C o. n.t .e n. t .s
All rights reserved
Printed and published by the
University of South Africa
Muckleneuk, Pretoria
TRT3702/1/2018–2019
70616140
, CONTENTS
Overview vii
SECTION 1: SPECIAL INTEREST TOURISM 1
LEARNING UNIT 1: Overview of special interest tourism 2
1.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 3
1.2 Introduction 3
1.3 Mass tourism 3
1.4 SIT explained 4
1.5 Mass tourism versus SIT 5
1.6 Conclusion 8
References 9
SECTION 2: NATURE-BASED TOURISM 11
LEARNING UNIT 2: Ecotourism 12
2.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 13
2.2 Introduction 13
2.3 Types of ecotourism 14
2.4 Benefits of ecotourism 15
2.5 How to create ecotouristic products 15
2.5.1 Step 1: Considering sustainability 15
2.5.2 Step 2: Feasibility study 16
2.5.3 Step 3: Planning 17
2.5.4 Step 4: Assessment and approval 18
2.5.5 Step 5: Development (construction) 18
2.5.6 Step 6: Operation and management 18
2.6 Conclusion 18
References 19
LEARNING UNIT 3: Adventure tourism 20
3.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 21
3.2 Introduction 21
3.3 Defining adventure tourism 21
3.4 Types of adventure tourism 22
3.5 Tourism’s contribution to adventure 22
3.6 Management and marketing proposition 23
3.7 Perceptions of challenge and risk 24
3.8 Conclusion 24
References 25
iii . . . . . .C o. n.t .e n. t .s
, LEARNING UNIT 4: Cultural tourism 26
4.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 27
4.2 Introduction 27
4.3 Cultural tourists 28
4.4 Cultural tourism: nature-based or not? 30
4.4.1 Cultural tourism as a component of nature-based tourism 30
4.4.2 Cultural tourism as part of other components of SIT 30
4.5 Development possibilities for small historical towns 30
4.5.1 Population of small towns and the development of tourism 30
4.5.2 Destination management in the development of cultural tourism 31
4.6 Economic impacts of cultural heritage projects 31
4.6.1 Direct effects of investment in cultural tourism 31
4.6.2 Indirect investment in cultural tourism 31
4.6.3 Sociocultural impacts of tourism on cultures 32
4.7 Conclusion 32
References 33
SECTION 3: SPECIAL EVENTS 35
LEARNING UNIT 5: Festival tourism 36
5.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 37
5.2 Introduction 37
5.3 Festivals 39
5.3.1 Festival motivation 40
5.4 Festival experience 40
5.4.1 Managerial elements 40
5.4.2 Consumer (tourist) experience elements 41
5.4.3 Prism of event experience 41
5.5 Renewing festivals 41
5.5.1 Innovation 41
5.5.2 Innovation networks 42
5.5.3 Emergent innovation work 42
5.6 Positive and negative impacts of festivals 42
5.7 Conclusion 43
References 44
LEARNING UNIT 6: Food tourism 45
6.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 46
6.2 Introduction 46
6.3 Food and tourism 46
6.4 The role of festivals in food tourism 47
6.5 Food festival motivation 47
6.6 Conclusion 50
References 51
LEARNING UNIT 7: Wine tourism 52
7.1 A systematic outline of the learning unit 53
iv . . . . . .C o. n.t .e n. t .s
