NURS 4500 - Neurology Test questions with
verified answers
Myelin bSheath b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bWhite, blipid bsubstance bwhich bacts bas binsulator bfor bconduction bof
bimpulses
Neurogenesis b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bBirth bof bneurons, bneural bdevelopment bcomes bfrom
- bCan balso bhappen bif bthere's bbeen bdamage bto ba bnerve bcell
Neurotransmitter b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bChemical bagent bthat baffects bthe btransmission bof ban bimpulse
bacross bthe bsynaptic bcleft
Types bof bNeurotransmitters b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bAcetylcholine b
- bAmines b(Epinephrine, bNorepinephrine, bSerotonin, bDopamine)
- bAmino bAcids b(y-aminobutynic bacid, bglutamate band baspartate)
- bNeuropeptides b(Endorphins band benkephalins, bSubstance bP)
Lower bMotor bNeurons b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bInfluences bskeletal bmuscles b
- bSends baxons bto binnervate bthe bskeletal bmuscles bof bthe barms, btrunk, band blegs, blocated bon bthe
bspinal bcord
- bNeurons bfor bskeletal bmuscles bof bthe beyes, bface, bmouth, band bthroat bare blocated bin bcorresponding
bsegments bof bthe bbrainstem b
- bLesions bcause bweakness bor bparalysis, bdenervation batrophy, bhyporeflexia bor bareflexia, band
bdecreased bmuscle btone b(flaccidity)
Upper bMotor bNeurons b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bOriginates bin bthe bcerebral bcortex band bprojects bdownward
- bCorticobular btract bends bin bbrainstem band bcorticospinal btract bdescends binto bspinal bcord
- bInfluences bskeletal bmuscle bmovement b
- bLesions bcause bweakness bor bparalysis, bdisuse batrophy, bhyperreflexia, band bincreased bmuscle btone
b(spasticity)
,Cerebrospinal bFluid b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bCirculates bin bsubarachnoid bspace bsurrounded bby bthe bbrain,
bbrainstem, band bspinal bcord
- bCushions bbrain band bthe bspinal bcord, ballows bfluid bto bshift bfrom bcranial bcavity bto bthe bspinal bcavity
band bcarries bnutrients
- bFormation bin bventricles binvolves bpassive bdiffusion band bactive btransport bof bsubstances
- bAverage brate bof bproduction b= b500ml/day, bexcessive bbuildup bof bthis bis bknown bas bhydrocephalus b
- bOften bmeasured bin bpts bwith bactual bor bsuspected bintracranial binjury, bincreased bpressure bcan bforce
bdownward bherniation bof bthe bbrain band bbrain bstem
Spinal bNerves b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bA bmixed bnerve, bwhich bcarries bmotor, bsensory, band bautonomic
bsignals bbetween bthe bspinal bcord band bthe bbody. b
- b31 bpairs b
- bCervical b(C1-C8)
- bThoracic b(T1-T12)
- bLumbar b(L1-L5)
- bSacral b(S1-S5) b
- bCoccygeal
Cranial bNerves b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bIndicated bby bRoman bnumerals bI-XII bfrom banterior bto bposterior
- bMay bhave bone bor bmore bof b3 bfunctions
- bSensory b(special bor bgeneral)
- bSomatic bmotor b(skeletal bmuscles) b
- bParasympathetic b(regulation bof bglands, bsmooth bmuscles, bcardiac bmuscle)
Cranial bNerve bI: bOlfactory b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bRelays bsensory bdata bto bthe bbrain, band bit bis bresponsible
bfor bthe bsense bof bsmell
- bReceptors bare blocated bwithin bthe bmucosa bof bthe bnasal bcavity
Cranial bNerve bII: bOptic b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bLocated bin bthe bback bof bthe beye
- bTransfers bvisual binformation bfrom bthe bretina bto bthe bvision bcenters bof bthe bbrain bvia belectrical
bimpulses
,- bMade bof bganglionic bcells bor bnerve bcells
- bGlaucoma bis ba bcommon billness bof bthis bnerve
Cranial bNerve bIII: bOculomotor b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bResponsible bfor beyeball band beyelid bmovement
- bSomatic bmotor bcomponent, bcontrols bthe bmuscles bthat ballow bfor bvisual btracking band bfixation bby
bthe beye
- bVisceral bmotor bcomponent, baiding bin baccommodation band bpupillary blight breflexes
Cranial bNerve bIV: bTrochlear b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bEmerges bdorsally bfrom bthe bbrain b(near bthe bback)
- bServes bthe bsuperior boblique beye bmuscle band bconnects bto bthe bannular btendon
- bProcesses bbrain bsignals bto bmove bthe beyes bup band bdown, band balso boutwards
Cranial bNerve bV: bTrigeminal b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bLargest band bmost bcomplex
- bSupplies bsensations bto bthe bface, bmucous bmembranes, band bother bstructures bof bthe bhead
- bComposed bof bthree bbranches: bthe bophthalmic, bmaxillary, band bmandibular
- bResponsible bfor btransmitting bsensations bto bthe bmouth, bteeth, bface, band bnasal bcavity
- bAlso bthe bnerve bthat bcontrols bthe bmuscles bused bfor bchewing
Cranial bNerve bVI: bAbducens b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bControls bthe beye's blateral brectus bmuscle, bwhich
bmoves bthe beye bsideways, baway bfrom bthe bnose
- bIf binjured bcan bcause bdouble bvision
Cranial bNerve bVII: bFacial b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bInnervates bfacial bmuscles, bcontrolling bhow bto bcontract
band bproduce bfacial bexpressions
- bSplits binto bseveral bbranches b
- bOne bof bthe bbranches bprovides bmotor bsignals bto bthe bstapedius bmuscle, bsituated bin bthe binner bear
- bThe bchorda btympani balso bconveys btaste bsensations bfrom bthe btip bof bthe btongue
- bMost bproblems binvolving bthe bfacial bnerve binclude bparalysis, bcommonly bwith bBell's bpalsy
Cranial bNerve bVIII: bVestibulocochlear b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bLocated bin bthe binternal bauditory bcanal, ba
bpart bof bthe bskull's btemporal bbone
, - bResponsible bfor bboth bhearing band bbalance band bbrings binformation bfrom bthe binner bear bto bthe
bbrain
- bSense bof bequilibrium bis bdetermined bby bthis bnerve
- bProblems bcan bresult bin bvertigo, bvomiting, bringing bin bthe bears, ba bfalse bsense bof bmotion, bmotion
bsickness, bor beven bhearing bloss
Cranial bNerve bIX: bGlossopharyngeal b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bConnects bto bthe bbrainstem bat bthe bupper
bmedulla, btravels bthrough bthe bbase bof bthe bskull bat bthe bjugular bforamen, band bends bin bthe bmouth bin
bthe bmucous bglands, bpalatine btonsil, band bthe bbase bof bthe btongue
- bSplits binto bvarious bbranches: bthe btonsillar, btympanic, bstylopharyngeal, bcarotid bsinus bnerve, blingual,
bcommunication bbranch bto bthe bvagus bnerve, band ba bbranch bto bthe bback bthird bof bthe btongue
- bReceives bvarious bforms bof bsensory bfibers bfrom bparts bof bthe btongue, bcarotid bbody, bthe btonsils, bthe
bpharynx, band bthe bmiddle bear
- bSupplies bparasympathetic bfibers b(those bthat baid bthe bbody bwith brest band bdigestion bprocesses) bto
bthe bparotid bgland b(a bmajor bsalivary bgland) band bmotor bfibers bto bthe bstylopharyngeus bmuscle, bwhich
bhelps bwith bswallowing
Cranial bNerve bX: bVagus b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bCommands bunconscious bbody bprocedures, bsuch bas
bkeeping bthe bheart brate bconstant band bcontrolling bfood bdigestion
- bElectrical bstimulation bof bthe bvagus bnerve, bcalled bvagus bnerve bstimulation b(VNS), bis bsometimes
bused bto btreat bpeople bwith bepilepsy bor bdepression
- bInvolved bin bone bof bthe bmost bcommon bcauses bof bfainting, bcalled bvasovagal bsyncope
Cranial bNerve bXI: bAccessory b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bControls bthe bmovement bof bcertain bneck bmuscles
- bProvides bmotor bfunction bto bthe bsternocleidomastoid bmuscle, bwhich bextends bthe bneck band bthe
btrapezius, bas bwell bas bthe bupper bback band bshoulder
- bDysfunction bcan bnegatively bimpact bshoulder bperformance
Cranial bNerve bXII: bHypoglossal b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bControls bmovements bof bthe btongue
- bLocated bnear bthe bmidline bof bthe bmedulla boblongata, band bthen btravels bbetween bthe bcarotid bartery
band bjugular bvein bto bend bup bon bthe bunderside bof bthe btongue
- bProblems bcan bmake btongue bparalyzed
verified answers
Myelin bSheath b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bWhite, blipid bsubstance bwhich bacts bas binsulator bfor bconduction bof
bimpulses
Neurogenesis b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bBirth bof bneurons, bneural bdevelopment bcomes bfrom
- bCan balso bhappen bif bthere's bbeen bdamage bto ba bnerve bcell
Neurotransmitter b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bChemical bagent bthat baffects bthe btransmission bof ban bimpulse
bacross bthe bsynaptic bcleft
Types bof bNeurotransmitters b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bAcetylcholine b
- bAmines b(Epinephrine, bNorepinephrine, bSerotonin, bDopamine)
- bAmino bAcids b(y-aminobutynic bacid, bglutamate band baspartate)
- bNeuropeptides b(Endorphins band benkephalins, bSubstance bP)
Lower bMotor bNeurons b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bInfluences bskeletal bmuscles b
- bSends baxons bto binnervate bthe bskeletal bmuscles bof bthe barms, btrunk, band blegs, blocated bon bthe
bspinal bcord
- bNeurons bfor bskeletal bmuscles bof bthe beyes, bface, bmouth, band bthroat bare blocated bin bcorresponding
bsegments bof bthe bbrainstem b
- bLesions bcause bweakness bor bparalysis, bdenervation batrophy, bhyporeflexia bor bareflexia, band
bdecreased bmuscle btone b(flaccidity)
Upper bMotor bNeurons b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bOriginates bin bthe bcerebral bcortex band bprojects bdownward
- bCorticobular btract bends bin bbrainstem band bcorticospinal btract bdescends binto bspinal bcord
- bInfluences bskeletal bmuscle bmovement b
- bLesions bcause bweakness bor bparalysis, bdisuse batrophy, bhyperreflexia, band bincreased bmuscle btone
b(spasticity)
,Cerebrospinal bFluid b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bCirculates bin bsubarachnoid bspace bsurrounded bby bthe bbrain,
bbrainstem, band bspinal bcord
- bCushions bbrain band bthe bspinal bcord, ballows bfluid bto bshift bfrom bcranial bcavity bto bthe bspinal bcavity
band bcarries bnutrients
- bFormation bin bventricles binvolves bpassive bdiffusion band bactive btransport bof bsubstances
- bAverage brate bof bproduction b= b500ml/day, bexcessive bbuildup bof bthis bis bknown bas bhydrocephalus b
- bOften bmeasured bin bpts bwith bactual bor bsuspected bintracranial binjury, bincreased bpressure bcan bforce
bdownward bherniation bof bthe bbrain band bbrain bstem
Spinal bNerves b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bA bmixed bnerve, bwhich bcarries bmotor, bsensory, band bautonomic
bsignals bbetween bthe bspinal bcord band bthe bbody. b
- b31 bpairs b
- bCervical b(C1-C8)
- bThoracic b(T1-T12)
- bLumbar b(L1-L5)
- bSacral b(S1-S5) b
- bCoccygeal
Cranial bNerves b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bIndicated bby bRoman bnumerals bI-XII bfrom banterior bto bposterior
- bMay bhave bone bor bmore bof b3 bfunctions
- bSensory b(special bor bgeneral)
- bSomatic bmotor b(skeletal bmuscles) b
- bParasympathetic b(regulation bof bglands, bsmooth bmuscles, bcardiac bmuscle)
Cranial bNerve bI: bOlfactory b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bRelays bsensory bdata bto bthe bbrain, band bit bis bresponsible
bfor bthe bsense bof bsmell
- bReceptors bare blocated bwithin bthe bmucosa bof bthe bnasal bcavity
Cranial bNerve bII: bOptic b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bLocated bin bthe bback bof bthe beye
- bTransfers bvisual binformation bfrom bthe bretina bto bthe bvision bcenters bof bthe bbrain bvia belectrical
bimpulses
,- bMade bof bganglionic bcells bor bnerve bcells
- bGlaucoma bis ba bcommon billness bof bthis bnerve
Cranial bNerve bIII: bOculomotor b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bResponsible bfor beyeball band beyelid bmovement
- bSomatic bmotor bcomponent, bcontrols bthe bmuscles bthat ballow bfor bvisual btracking band bfixation bby
bthe beye
- bVisceral bmotor bcomponent, baiding bin baccommodation band bpupillary blight breflexes
Cranial bNerve bIV: bTrochlear b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bEmerges bdorsally bfrom bthe bbrain b(near bthe bback)
- bServes bthe bsuperior boblique beye bmuscle band bconnects bto bthe bannular btendon
- bProcesses bbrain bsignals bto bmove bthe beyes bup band bdown, band balso boutwards
Cranial bNerve bV: bTrigeminal b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bLargest band bmost bcomplex
- bSupplies bsensations bto bthe bface, bmucous bmembranes, band bother bstructures bof bthe bhead
- bComposed bof bthree bbranches: bthe bophthalmic, bmaxillary, band bmandibular
- bResponsible bfor btransmitting bsensations bto bthe bmouth, bteeth, bface, band bnasal bcavity
- bAlso bthe bnerve bthat bcontrols bthe bmuscles bused bfor bchewing
Cranial bNerve bVI: bAbducens b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bControls bthe beye's blateral brectus bmuscle, bwhich
bmoves bthe beye bsideways, baway bfrom bthe bnose
- bIf binjured bcan bcause bdouble bvision
Cranial bNerve bVII: bFacial b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bInnervates bfacial bmuscles, bcontrolling bhow bto bcontract
band bproduce bfacial bexpressions
- bSplits binto bseveral bbranches b
- bOne bof bthe bbranches bprovides bmotor bsignals bto bthe bstapedius bmuscle, bsituated bin bthe binner bear
- bThe bchorda btympani balso bconveys btaste bsensations bfrom bthe btip bof bthe btongue
- bMost bproblems binvolving bthe bfacial bnerve binclude bparalysis, bcommonly bwith bBell's bpalsy
Cranial bNerve bVIII: bVestibulocochlear b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bLocated bin bthe binternal bauditory bcanal, ba
bpart bof bthe bskull's btemporal bbone
, - bResponsible bfor bboth bhearing band bbalance band bbrings binformation bfrom bthe binner bear bto bthe
bbrain
- bSense bof bequilibrium bis bdetermined bby bthis bnerve
- bProblems bcan bresult bin bvertigo, bvomiting, bringing bin bthe bears, ba bfalse bsense bof bmotion, bmotion
bsickness, bor beven bhearing bloss
Cranial bNerve bIX: bGlossopharyngeal b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bConnects bto bthe bbrainstem bat bthe bupper
bmedulla, btravels bthrough bthe bbase bof bthe bskull bat bthe bjugular bforamen, band bends bin bthe bmouth bin
bthe bmucous bglands, bpalatine btonsil, band bthe bbase bof bthe btongue
- bSplits binto bvarious bbranches: bthe btonsillar, btympanic, bstylopharyngeal, bcarotid bsinus bnerve, blingual,
bcommunication bbranch bto bthe bvagus bnerve, band ba bbranch bto bthe bback bthird bof bthe btongue
- bReceives bvarious bforms bof bsensory bfibers bfrom bparts bof bthe btongue, bcarotid bbody, bthe btonsils, bthe
bpharynx, band bthe bmiddle bear
- bSupplies bparasympathetic bfibers b(those bthat baid bthe bbody bwith brest band bdigestion bprocesses) bto
bthe bparotid bgland b(a bmajor bsalivary bgland) band bmotor bfibers bto bthe bstylopharyngeus bmuscle, bwhich
bhelps bwith bswallowing
Cranial bNerve bX: bVagus b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bCommands bunconscious bbody bprocedures, bsuch bas
bkeeping bthe bheart brate bconstant band bcontrolling bfood bdigestion
- bElectrical bstimulation bof bthe bvagus bnerve, bcalled bvagus bnerve bstimulation b(VNS), bis bsometimes
bused bto btreat bpeople bwith bepilepsy bor bdepression
- bInvolved bin bone bof bthe bmost bcommon bcauses bof bfainting, bcalled bvasovagal bsyncope
Cranial bNerve bXI: bAccessory b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bControls bthe bmovement bof bcertain bneck bmuscles
- bProvides bmotor bfunction bto bthe bsternocleidomastoid bmuscle, bwhich bextends bthe bneck band bthe
btrapezius, bas bwell bas bthe bupper bback band bshoulder
- bDysfunction bcan bnegatively bimpact bshoulder bperformance
Cranial bNerve bXII: bHypoglossal b- bANSWER: b b➡ b- bControls bmovements bof bthe btongue
- bLocated bnear bthe bmidline bof bthe bmedulla boblongata, band bthen btravels bbetween bthe bcarotid bartery
band bjugular bvein bto bend bup bon bthe bunderside bof bthe btongue
- bProblems bcan bmake btongue bparalyzed
