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Craniofacial exam review 2024

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2024/2025 Written for academic year
Institution Craniofacial
Course Craniofacial
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Craniofacial exam review 2024

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Craniofacial exam review 2024
Hypernasality - Too much sound resonating through nasal cavity



Hypernasality: most perceptible on.... - Vowels



Hypernasality: which sounds become nasalized? - Voiced oral sounds (m/b, n/d)



Hypernasality: what are the causes? - Velopharyngeal dysfunction

Open palate, thin velum, or fistula

Misarticulation



Hyponasality - Not enough nasal resonance



Hyponasality: most perceptible on.... - Nasal sounds (also noted on vowels)



Causes of hyponasality? - Obstruction in the pharyngeal or nasal cavity



Cul de sac resonance - Sound unable to get out; muffled; mumbling



Cause of cul de sac resonance? - Obstruction of one of the cavities

, Craniofacial exam review 2024

Mixed resonance - Hypernasality on vowels/orals

Hyponasality on nasals



Causes of mixed resonance? - VPI and apraxia



Nasal emission due to small opening - High volume due to friction

Loud at times due to nasal rustle caused by bubbling of secretions



Inconsistent emissions



Nasal emission due to large opening - Low volume and may be inaudible



Consistent emissions



Weak or substituted by compensatory productions/short utterance length due to
breaks for air



Obligatory distortions due to VPI - Nasalized phonemes

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