Bio210 final exam study guide
JOyce
[COMPANY NAME] [Company address]
,Bio210 final exam study guide
Understand the significance of Darwin's finches
(ANS-
Adaptation of beak shape in association with each island. This makes them more
"fit" for their environments (ex. Food source that is available on each island)
This was a result of natural selection
Maximized fitness
Darwin's finches represent...
(ANS- adaptive radiation
Adaptive radiation
(ANS- divergence of a single group/species, each better suited to survive in its
specific niche. Split into a series of distinct but related species/groups
Phenotype vs genotype
(ANS- Phenotypic diversity results from genetic diversity: diff. genes = diff. traits
Genetic diversity
(ANS- variation of genes between individuals of a species in a population
Translation
(ANS- process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins after the process of
transcription
ALX1
(ANS- One of the genes in region D in Darwin's Finches
Also affects frog development, human cleft palate, known in birds for beak
development
,Bio210 final exam study guide
Transcription Factor
(ANS- Protein that binds to DNA to initiate (or inhibit) expression of other genes
(ex. ALX1)
Central Dogma
(ANS- Flow of genetic information (DNA, RNA, proteins)
Genes code for proteins via transcription and translation
DNA
(ANS- double-stranded helix of nucleic acids
Chromosome
(ANS- single, large DNA molecule that is inherited
Gene
(ANS- Functional region of a chromosome
Locus (Loci)
(ANS- a gene, a location on a chromosome
Polymer vs Monomer
(ANS- Polymer: macromolecule made of smaller subunits
Monomer: smaller building-block molecules
Ex. nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides
All nucleotides have the same general, 3-Part structure (dNTP)
(ANS- Deoxyribonucleotide Triphosphate
Deoxyribose sugar
Ribose: 5'-C sugar
Triphosphate: α, β, γ phosphates
Bonded to 5'-C
, Bio210 final exam study guide
Nucleotide base = Nitrogenous base
Bonded to 1'-C, diff. between nucleotides
Purines
(ANS- A & G, 2 C-N rings (double ring)
Pyrimidines
(ANS- C & T, 1 C-N ring (single ring)
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
(ANS- Complementary base pairing: weak hydrogen bond
G-C & A-T
Purine + pyrimidine pairing
The bonds between complementary pairs are weak but there are many
Strand follows direction according to polarity
(ANS- 5' to 3'
One end: P's on 5'-C
Other end: OH on 3'-C
The two strands run in directions 5'-3' & 3'-5'
(ANS- 5'-3' & 3'-5'
Probe
(ANS- oligonucleotide of a specific target sequence
Melt apart double strands (with temperature, enzymes, etc.)
Replication
(ANS- makes more DNA
Each strand serves as as a template for another double-stranded DNA
JOyce
[COMPANY NAME] [Company address]
,Bio210 final exam study guide
Understand the significance of Darwin's finches
(ANS-
Adaptation of beak shape in association with each island. This makes them more
"fit" for their environments (ex. Food source that is available on each island)
This was a result of natural selection
Maximized fitness
Darwin's finches represent...
(ANS- adaptive radiation
Adaptive radiation
(ANS- divergence of a single group/species, each better suited to survive in its
specific niche. Split into a series of distinct but related species/groups
Phenotype vs genotype
(ANS- Phenotypic diversity results from genetic diversity: diff. genes = diff. traits
Genetic diversity
(ANS- variation of genes between individuals of a species in a population
Translation
(ANS- process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins after the process of
transcription
ALX1
(ANS- One of the genes in region D in Darwin's Finches
Also affects frog development, human cleft palate, known in birds for beak
development
,Bio210 final exam study guide
Transcription Factor
(ANS- Protein that binds to DNA to initiate (or inhibit) expression of other genes
(ex. ALX1)
Central Dogma
(ANS- Flow of genetic information (DNA, RNA, proteins)
Genes code for proteins via transcription and translation
DNA
(ANS- double-stranded helix of nucleic acids
Chromosome
(ANS- single, large DNA molecule that is inherited
Gene
(ANS- Functional region of a chromosome
Locus (Loci)
(ANS- a gene, a location on a chromosome
Polymer vs Monomer
(ANS- Polymer: macromolecule made of smaller subunits
Monomer: smaller building-block molecules
Ex. nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides
All nucleotides have the same general, 3-Part structure (dNTP)
(ANS- Deoxyribonucleotide Triphosphate
Deoxyribose sugar
Ribose: 5'-C sugar
Triphosphate: α, β, γ phosphates
Bonded to 5'-C
, Bio210 final exam study guide
Nucleotide base = Nitrogenous base
Bonded to 1'-C, diff. between nucleotides
Purines
(ANS- A & G, 2 C-N rings (double ring)
Pyrimidines
(ANS- C & T, 1 C-N ring (single ring)
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
(ANS- Complementary base pairing: weak hydrogen bond
G-C & A-T
Purine + pyrimidine pairing
The bonds between complementary pairs are weak but there are many
Strand follows direction according to polarity
(ANS- 5' to 3'
One end: P's on 5'-C
Other end: OH on 3'-C
The two strands run in directions 5'-3' & 3'-5'
(ANS- 5'-3' & 3'-5'
Probe
(ANS- oligonucleotide of a specific target sequence
Melt apart double strands (with temperature, enzymes, etc.)
Replication
(ANS- makes more DNA
Each strand serves as as a template for another double-stranded DNA
