SFL 334 Exam 1 || with 100% Accurate Solutions.
biological time correct answers Number of years a person has lived.
sociocultural time correct answers The way that society determines the appropriate age for events; also, appropriate age-related behavior.
social clock correct answers A personal clock by which we measure our progress in life. The timetable is determined by lifetime, sociocultural time, and historical time.
on-time/off-time correct answers On-time events are based on sociocultural and historical time. This is when things should happen or are expected to happen. When transitions happen, it is a lot
easier when it is happening during an on-time event, and you usually have social support. Off-
time is also based on sociocultural and historical time. This is when things shouldn't or don't usually happen. When things happen during an off time, there is more stress and less social support (face stigma)
primary aging correct answers normal disease-free development
secondary aging correct answers - Developmental changes related to disease (Alzheimer's Disease) and lifestyles (overeating).
tertiary aging correct answers Rapid changes that occur shortly before death.
forces of development correct answers Biological forces (genetics and health related factors), psychological forces (cognitions, emotions, perceptions, and personality factors), sociocultural forces (social network of people like family and friends with whom we interact with), life-cycle forces (first three forces filter through the life-cycle component, where you are at in life, to determine development).
age-set system correct answers people in a society are put into groups based on their age.
definitions of age correct answers Biological (where people are relative to the maximum number of years of life-vital organs and systems), psychological (functional level of memory, emotions, and intelligence, etc.), and sociocultural (specific roles that people play in society).
modernization theory correct answers Historically, the elderly were respected and revered, but as
society has become modernized, their value has diminished.
aging effect correct answers Changes due to biological, psychological, or sociocultural forces.
cohort effects correct answers Age differences due to experiences and characteristics unique to a particular cohort or generation of people. Example of this is baby boomers. time-in-measurement effect correct answers Age differences due to sociocultural, environment, historical events at the time that the data was collected. An example of this would be collecting data about anxiety on 9/11/01
the effect of these three effects on cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential analysis designs. correct answers - cross-sectional: study different age groups of people and compare their responses to determine age differences (no time-of-measurement effect because everyone is measured at the same point of time. There is a serious cohort effect because one of the groups may be unique, so age comparisons aren't valid), longitudinal: Measure the same people over multiple times. Compare responses at different waves of data collection to understand aging process (No cohort effect because only one cohort is being studied. There is a slight potential for time-of-measurement effect. Attrition is one of the biggest problems with this research), and sequential analysis designs: Follow multiple cohorts longitudinally (This solves both the cohort and time-of-measurement effect problems, but it is extremely expensive and time-consuming).
qualitative research correct answers non-numerical, looks for themes in the data. Code responses according to the themes. Good for understanding in-depth processes. Not great to go with longitudinal studies.
trend analysis correct answers Examine the same type of groups at different times, using the same methods and questions. You are not examining the same people. An example of this is comparing college freshman's attitudes of older people in 1970 and 2020 to see if there is a trend (changes) in attitudes.
secondary analysis correct answers Use existing data sets to conduct analysis on a research question. They are usually free of charge and offer excellent data. Using these datasets saves time and money. The disadvantage is that they sometimes don't have the variables that you need and are complex and hard to navigate.
program evaluation correct answers Examine existing programs to see if they are meeting their goals. You can use a multitude of research designs to examine the program. Program evaluation often has important policy implications.
meta-analysis correct answers Quantitative summary of the findings of multiple studies. Narrative or qualitative literature review is where you "eyeball" the findings across studies. Meta-analysis uses statistics to calculate the findings across studies; there is less bias. This calculates an effect size for each study
effect size correct answers this is when you find the standard deviation and you see what the effect size is. If it is higher than .05, then it is significant.
% of people over the age of 65 in 1900 and currently correct answers 1900: 4.1%, Now: 16.8%
two reasons for increase in % of elder in our population correct answers Longevity and decreased fertility.
biological time correct answers Number of years a person has lived.
sociocultural time correct answers The way that society determines the appropriate age for events; also, appropriate age-related behavior.
social clock correct answers A personal clock by which we measure our progress in life. The timetable is determined by lifetime, sociocultural time, and historical time.
on-time/off-time correct answers On-time events are based on sociocultural and historical time. This is when things should happen or are expected to happen. When transitions happen, it is a lot
easier when it is happening during an on-time event, and you usually have social support. Off-
time is also based on sociocultural and historical time. This is when things shouldn't or don't usually happen. When things happen during an off time, there is more stress and less social support (face stigma)
primary aging correct answers normal disease-free development
secondary aging correct answers - Developmental changes related to disease (Alzheimer's Disease) and lifestyles (overeating).
tertiary aging correct answers Rapid changes that occur shortly before death.
forces of development correct answers Biological forces (genetics and health related factors), psychological forces (cognitions, emotions, perceptions, and personality factors), sociocultural forces (social network of people like family and friends with whom we interact with), life-cycle forces (first three forces filter through the life-cycle component, where you are at in life, to determine development).
age-set system correct answers people in a society are put into groups based on their age.
definitions of age correct answers Biological (where people are relative to the maximum number of years of life-vital organs and systems), psychological (functional level of memory, emotions, and intelligence, etc.), and sociocultural (specific roles that people play in society).
modernization theory correct answers Historically, the elderly were respected and revered, but as
society has become modernized, their value has diminished.
aging effect correct answers Changes due to biological, psychological, or sociocultural forces.
cohort effects correct answers Age differences due to experiences and characteristics unique to a particular cohort or generation of people. Example of this is baby boomers. time-in-measurement effect correct answers Age differences due to sociocultural, environment, historical events at the time that the data was collected. An example of this would be collecting data about anxiety on 9/11/01
the effect of these three effects on cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential analysis designs. correct answers - cross-sectional: study different age groups of people and compare their responses to determine age differences (no time-of-measurement effect because everyone is measured at the same point of time. There is a serious cohort effect because one of the groups may be unique, so age comparisons aren't valid), longitudinal: Measure the same people over multiple times. Compare responses at different waves of data collection to understand aging process (No cohort effect because only one cohort is being studied. There is a slight potential for time-of-measurement effect. Attrition is one of the biggest problems with this research), and sequential analysis designs: Follow multiple cohorts longitudinally (This solves both the cohort and time-of-measurement effect problems, but it is extremely expensive and time-consuming).
qualitative research correct answers non-numerical, looks for themes in the data. Code responses according to the themes. Good for understanding in-depth processes. Not great to go with longitudinal studies.
trend analysis correct answers Examine the same type of groups at different times, using the same methods and questions. You are not examining the same people. An example of this is comparing college freshman's attitudes of older people in 1970 and 2020 to see if there is a trend (changes) in attitudes.
secondary analysis correct answers Use existing data sets to conduct analysis on a research question. They are usually free of charge and offer excellent data. Using these datasets saves time and money. The disadvantage is that they sometimes don't have the variables that you need and are complex and hard to navigate.
program evaluation correct answers Examine existing programs to see if they are meeting their goals. You can use a multitude of research designs to examine the program. Program evaluation often has important policy implications.
meta-analysis correct answers Quantitative summary of the findings of multiple studies. Narrative or qualitative literature review is where you "eyeball" the findings across studies. Meta-analysis uses statistics to calculate the findings across studies; there is less bias. This calculates an effect size for each study
effect size correct answers this is when you find the standard deviation and you see what the effect size is. If it is higher than .05, then it is significant.
% of people over the age of 65 in 1900 and currently correct answers 1900: 4.1%, Now: 16.8%
two reasons for increase in % of elder in our population correct answers Longevity and decreased fertility.
