NRS3015 Exam 1 Guide With Complete Solution

NRS3015 Exam 1 Guide Wit h Comp lete Solut ion Acute pain - ANSWER under 6 months, straight forward healing process breakthrough pain - ANSWER intense exacerbation of pain chronic pain - ANSWER more than 6 months visceral pain - ANSWER abdominal organs somatic pain - ANSWER Arises from bone joint, muscle, skin, or connective tissue Nociceptive pain - ANSWER damage to somatic or visceral tissue, ongoing activation of sensory system that percieves noxious stimuli transduction - ANSWER nociceptive pain, activation of nociceptors transmission - ANSWER nociceptive pain, action potential that allows for reflex stimulation modulation - ANSWER nociceptive pain, involves neuro chemicals neuropathic pain - ANSWER abnormal processing neuroplasticity - ANSWER ability of CNS and PNS to reorganize according to noxious stimulus dehydration causes/sx - ANSWER causes- excess urine, respiration, feces, perspiration, sx- high specific gravity fluid overload intervention - ANSWER weighing the patient, inspect- eyes, stomach, fingers, sacral space, lower extremities fluid overload sx - ANSWER heart rate increases tetany - ANSWER muscle spasms hypovolemia causes - ANSWER vomitting, diarrhea, fishtulas, excessive sweating, burns, suctioning hypovolemia sx and labs - ANSWER sx- weight loss, decreased skin turgor, oliguria, low BP. labs-high urine specific gravity/BUN/creatine hypervolemia causes - ANSWER kidney injury, cirrhosis, heart failure, excessive salt intake hypervolemia sx and labs - ANSWER sx- weight gain, peripheral edema, ascities, high BP. labs- low hemoglobin, low urine sodium and specific gravity, BUN and hemtocrit dec. most of the bodys water is... - ANSWER intracellular osmolality - ANSWER number of solute/solvent, used to evaluate solute in the blood or urine hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER pushes fluid into ICF (if its greater than osmotic pressure) sodium normal range - ANSWER 135 to 145 potassium normal range - ANSWER 3.5 to 5 chloride normal range - ANSWER 98-106 bicarb normal range - ANSWER 22- 26 calcium normal range - ANSWER 8.8 to 10.5 phosphorus normal range - ANSWER 2.5 to 4.5 magnesium normal range - ANSWER 1.8 to 3.6 colloid solutions - ANSWER blood is an example, contains non-soluble substances crystalloid solutions - ANSWER mineral ions dissolved in water i.e. NaCl and lactated ringers, commonly used in hypovolemia tonicity - ANSWER movement of water from ICF to ECF or ECF to ICF isotonic solutions - ANSWER 0.9% NaCl, does not provoke water movement hypotonic solutions - ANSWER 0.45% NaCl, moves water from ECF to ICF i.e. with hydration hypertonic solutions - ANSWER 3% NaCl, pulls water from ICF to ECF i.e. with edema neuraxial analgesia - ANSWER in the subarchanoid or epidural space opioid dose-sparing effect - ANSWER local anesthetics plus opioids preferred route for opioids - ANSWER oral primary source reporting pain - ANSWER the patient OLDCARTS - ANSWER onset, location , duration, character, aggravating factor, relieving factor, timing, severity FACES pain scale - ANSWER pain scale for nonverbals and children PAINAD - ANSWER pain scale for dementia patients CPOT - ANSWER pain scale for critical care patients that cannot report their