Microbiology Final Questions and answers Graded A+

Microbiology Final Questions and answers Graded A+ Which STIs are not curable? Human papilloma viurs (HPV), herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B virus Why are women more likely to develop UTIs? Urethra in women is anatomically closer to the anus, making it easier for bacteria to get introduced into the urinary system What infections are tested for in a TORCH panel? Toxoplasma gondii Other (HIV, syphilis, parvovirus B19, listeriosis, varicella-zoster virus, coxsackievirus, enteroviruses, and Zika virus) Rubella virus Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus What is the primary normal microbiota of the adult vagina? Lactobacillus genus Microscopic examination of vaginal smear shows flagellated eukaryotes. Trichomonas Microscopic examination of vaginal smear shows ovoid eukaryotes cells. Candida What disease often presents with fluid-filled vesicles? Genital herpes True or false: Due to the anatomical differences in the urinary tract, women have a greater risk than men for urinary tract infections (UTIs). True True or false: The most common cause of UTIs are bacteria True In general, _________ and ________ are the most consistently detected genera in the healthy urinary tract. Lactobacillus, Streptococcus The acronym "TORCH" refers to the pathogens, _____________, which can be vertically transmitted to a developing fetus and cause congenital defects. Toxoplasma gondii Other Rubella virus Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus ________ are an important part of preventative care in women because they detect precancerous and cancerous cervical cells and may also help diagnose an HPV infection. Pap smears Which of the following statements are not true about genital herpes (HSV-2) infections? Choose all that apply They are asymptomatic infections that often go untreated and may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease. They are not transmitted to the fetus but are linked to premature labor and low-birth-weight babies. What are common causes of bacterial UTIs? Enteric bacteria, main culprit is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), or Gram-Positive bacteria (ex: Staphylococcus saprophyticus) Describe the urine dipstick test. Test uses filter paper that are dipped into clean-catch urine sample and results are read by comparing the strip color changes to a key. What are the signs and symptoms associated with UTIs, Cystitis, and Pyelonephritis? Lower UTIs: urgency to urinate, burning or painful sensation upon urination, pus in urine, blood in urine Upper UTIs: include pyelonephritis, same symptoms as Lower UTIs, plus fever, chills, flank pain, nausea, and vomiting Describe the general characteristics of genital herpes lesion appear as clear pustule above reddened base; transmitted through sex with infected person What diseases are caused by the Human Papillomaviurs (HPV)? most common STIs ex: genital warts; some cause cancer (cervical cancer most prevalent) What causes genital warts? Human papillomavirus (HPV) How is bacterial vaginosis diagnosed? Gram stain of vaginal discharge or 3 out of 4 clinical signs (thin white vaginal discharge, clue cells on microscope, vaginal fluid pH 4.5, fishy odor of discharge after 10% KOH prep) Describe the characteristics of chlamydia? -Chlamydia is a bacterium but it behaves in a similar way to a virus as it reproduces inside host cells -It can result in infertility -The spread can be reduced by wearing a condom and screening for individuals What diseases are caused by Trichomonas vaginalis? Trichonomiasis Your Special Pathogens team just received a call from a physician in Angola. She reported that at least one hundred people have become ill and are dying from a mysterious infection. Their symptoms include fever, vomiting, cough, diarrhea, and in some cases bleeding. The infection is highly contagious but she is unsure of exactly how it is transmitted.Your team flies out the next morning for Angola.Five days have passed since you landed in Angola. The situation is devastating. Hundreds of people are sick and many have died. In the villages temporary hospitals have been made out of tents. But even the caregivers (families and friends) are frightened to get too close to the patients to give them food and water. You have seen many patients and they all have the same symptoms: fever, diarrhea, vomiting and bleeding. The disease seems to spread most rapidly in families living close together. You decide to send a blood samp Viral hemorrhagic fever Marburg or Ebola Margaret is a thirty-two year old woman living in Florida. In the fifth week of her pregnancy she had a miscarriage. In trying to determine why Margaret had the miscarriage, her doctor learns that Margaret and her husband recently purchased a kitten from Petco. Not knowing any better, Margaret had been in charge of cleaning out the litter box. In conducting a blood test, the doctor discovers that Margaret is infected with cysts from a protist parasite. What is the most likely cause of Margaret's condition? Toxoplasma gondii A 4-year-old boy with a history of cough, conjunctivitis, and fever (38.3°C) now has a macular rash that starts on his face and neck and is spreading to the rest of his body. Upon examine of his mouth the doctor finds red lesion-like spots inside his mouth. What are the spots? What is the disease? What caused the disease? Koplik's spots Measles Measles virus An 8-year-old boy has a rash consisting of vesicular lesions of 5 days' duration on his neck and stomach. Within 5 days, 73 students in his elementary school had illness matching the case definition for this disease. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Chicken pox Varicella-zoster virus A 20-year-old man has eye redness with dried mucus crust in the morning. The condition resolved with topical antibiotic treatment. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Conjunctivitus Bacteria A worker in a day-care center in eastern North Dakota became ill with fever, rash, headache, and abdominal pain. The patient had a clinical decline and died on the first day of hospitalization. A Gram stain was performed on the cerebrospinal fluid. Gram-positive diplococci were observed. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Meningitis/Encephalitis Streptococcus pneumoniae (this is right b/c its Gram POSITIVE An 8-year-old girl in rural Wisconsin has chills, headache, and fever. She enters the hospital and her condition worsens and she slips into a coma. Her mother tells the doctor she has been spending a lot of time outdoors and complained of mosquito bites recently. A CAT scan indicates swelling of the brain. She is given antibiotics but her condition does not improve. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Encephalitis Possibly West Nile After eating canned chili, two children experienced cranial nerve paralysis followed by descending paralysis. The children are on mechanical ventilation. Leftover canned chili was tested by mouse bioassay and the mouse died. Bacteria is isolated from the dead mouse and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Colonies do not form on plates grown in the aerobic conditions. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Botulism Clostridium botulinum A 27-year-old woman had a fever and cough for 5 days. She was hospitalized when her blood pressure dropped. Despite aggressive treatment with fluids and massive doses of antibiotics, she died 5 hours after hospitalization. Catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci were isolated from her blood. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Septic shock Possibly enterococci or streptococci A 20-yr woman recently traveled to the tropics for a 5-day research trip. While there she went on a jungle safari to document the social interactions among monkeys. Upon returning she began experiencing fever, nausea, chills, and headaches. Shortly after the outset of these symptoms she began to show signs of jaundice. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Yellow fever Arbovirus A 20-yr woman was admitted to the hospital with a high fever, rash, and severe joint pain. Her blood work was negative for bacterial infection. Her husband mentioned they had just returned from their honeymoon in Mexico. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Dengue fever Arbovirus A patient presents with fever and a red, sore throat. Later a grayish membrane appears in the throat. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Diptheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae A 27-year-old man with a history of asthma was hospitalized with a 4-day history of progressive cough, chest pain, and pneumonia. Gram-positive cocci in pairs were cultured from a blood sample. What caused the disease? Streptococci pneumoniae Three weeks after working on the demolition of an abandoned building in Kentucky, a worker was hospitalized for acute respiratory illness. At the time of demolition, a colony of bats inhabited the building. An X-ray examination revealed a lung mass. A cytological examination for cancer was negative. The mass was surgically removed. Microscopic examination of the mass revealed fungal cells. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Lung abcess blastomycosis A patient goes to the dentist and complains of tooth sensitivity. X-rays indicate tooth decay. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Dental caries Streptococcus mutans An 8-year-old boy had diarrhea, chills, fever (39.3°C), abdominal cramps, and vomiting for 3 days. The next month, his 12-year-old brother experienced the same symptoms. Two weeks before the first patient became ill, the family had purchased a small (10 cm) red-eared slider turtle at a flea market. Gram negative rods are isolated from fecal swabs. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Salmonellosis Salmonella enterica Jill and Sam celebrated their 20-year anniversary at a fancy restaurant. Approximately 2-weeks later both became ill. They both experience fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, appetite loss, and eventually jaundice. A news report on TV reported 25 people had become ill after eating at the same restaurant. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Enteric hepatitis HAV or HEV Stacy and Susan decided to take a cruise to celebrate their birthdays. Three days after the ship left port 80% of the cruise-goers developed watery diarrhea and dehydration. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Viral gastroenteritis Norovirus Zach became ill. He had a headache, low-grade fever, sore throat, and general malaise. His symptoms did not improve over the next 2 weeks so he decided to go to the doctor. A throat swab culture was negative for bacteria, however an abdominal ultrasound revealed an enlarged spleen. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Infectious mononucleosis Epstein-Barr virus Jason Hornbuckle is not a happy little boy. For the past hours he has complained of pain when he swallows, has a headache, and has vomited twice. His mother decides to take the seven-year-old to his pediatrician. Upon examining Jason, the doctor finds that Jason's pharynx, tonsils, and uvula are swollen and red and his tonsils are studded with white areas of exudate. He has a fever and swollen lymph nodes. A throat swab is cultured on blood agar and the resulting colonies show beta-hemolysis. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Strep throat Streptococcus pyogenes Martha has an 18-month old baby. Martha has brought her baby into the hospital because 3 days ago the baby began running a fever, developed a runny nose, and had a mild cough; however the cough has gotten worse. The doctor orders a chest x-ray and notices several broken ribs. A throat swab culture is positive and the bacteria appear as Gram-negative, coccobacilli upon staining. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Pertussis (Whooping cough) Bordetella pertussis Robert decides to take a hike. Three days after his hike he develops chills, fever, severe headache, and muscle pain. The following day he wakes up and notices a rash over his body including the palms of his hand. What is the disease? How did he get the disease? What caused the disease? Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick Rickettsia rickettsii A patient complains of abdominal cramps, weight loss, tiredness, and a craving for laundry detergent. Stool samples were negative for bacteria and viruses. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Ancylostomiasis Hookworm Jenny and her family went on a family camping vacation in the woods of Tennessee. Upon returning Jenny noticed several red marks on her arms and legs. Several weeks later one of the marks still appeared red and had the appearance of a bull's eye. She begin to experience headaches and a stiff neck, and mental confusion. At the hospital she fell into a coma. Spirochetes were isolated from her blood. What is the disease? What caused the disease? What is the vector? Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi Tick Terry retired and decided to have a retirement party. She invited over 100 people. At the party she hired a catering service and they provided cold cuts, chicken fingers, and various cheeses. Terry sampled each. Several hours after the party Terry began to experience nausea, stomach pain, and diarrhea. The symptoms became so severe that she went to the hospital. While there she saw several people from her party. Fecal samples from all party-goers where negative for bacteria. What is the disease: infection or intoxication? What caused the disease? Intoxication Most likely an enterotoxin from S. aureus Paul lives in New Mexico. He often works on small projects in his shed. Over the past 2 months he has begun to notice fecal pellets throughout the shed and even small bite marks in a granola bar he left in the shed. One weekend he decided to clean out the shed. The following week he began to experience flu-like symptoms, body aches, dizziness, chills, vomiting and diarrhea. A short time later he began to experience shortness of breath and pneumonia-like symptoms. Fearing too many sick-leave days he went to the doctor. The doctor ran labs to rule various genetic disorders, cancer, and bacterial infections. What is the disease? What caused the disease? Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome Hantavirus During a pertussis infection, the pathogenic bacterium Bordatella pertussis produces tracheal cytotoxin, which destroys cilia. Which of the following would most likely result from ciliary destruction? Mucus would accumulate in the respiratory tract. Which statement is not true about the resident microbiota of the respiratory tract? Microbiota are only found in the upper respiratory tract. What is true about the resident microbiota of the respiratory tract? Resident microbiota secrete antimicrobial peptides and compete with pathogens. The resident microbiota of a healthy person is limited to just a few species of bacteria. Smoking affects the numbers and types of species in the microbiota. The lungs have recently been found to contain a resident microbiome that resembles that found in the mouth. A life-threatening bacterial infection that results in complete blockage of the airway due to swelling of a flap of tissue that normally protects the lungs during swallowing is epiglottitis An adult patient with an influenza infection can be distinguished from an adult patient with a common cold based on the presence of which symptom/sign of infection? High, prolonged fever A 21-year-old male is admitted to the hospital in severe respiratory distress. Despite care, he died of rapid pulmonary edema within 12 hours of admission. Family members report that he had recently started work at a nearby state park. He was on a detail to clean out and renovate a group of rodent-infested rental cabins. Based on the information, what is the likely diagnosis? hanta pulmonary syndrome