PN 1005 PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM LATEST UPDATE

PN 1005 PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM LATEST UPDATE half-life - ANSWER The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one-half the peak level not previously achieved Absorption - ANSWER is what happens to a drug from the time it enters the bod y until it enters the circulating fluid active transport - ANSWER Energy-requiring process that moves material acro ss a cell membrane against a concentration difference chemotherapeutic agents - ANSWER synthetic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning of foreign cell populations; this term is frequently used to refer to the drug therapy of neoplasms, but it also refers to drug therapy affecting any foreign cell critical concentration - ANSWER the concentration a drug must reach in the t issues that respond to the particular drug to cause the desired therapeutic effec t Distribution - ANSWER movement of a drug to body tissues; the places wh ere a drug may be distributed depend on the drug's solubility, perfusion of the area, cardiac output, and binding of the drug to plasma proteins enzyme induction - ANSWER process by which the presence of a chemical that is biotransformed by a particular enzyme system in the liver causes increased activ ity of that enzyme system Excretion - ANSWER removal of a drug from the body; primarily occurs in the kidneys, but can also occur through the skin, lungs, bile, or feces first-pass - ANSWER phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried direc tly to the liver after absorption where they may be largely inactivated by the liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation glomerular filtration - ANSWER the passage of water and water-soluble components from the plasma into the renal tubule hepatic microsomal system - ANSWER liver enzymes tightly packed together in the hepatic intracellular structure, responsible for the biotransformation o f chemicals, including drugs loading dose - ANSWER use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration sooner passive diffusion - ANSWER movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane with the concentration gradient; this process does not require energ y Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER the study of the interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals including dr ugs that enter living organisms Pharmacogenomics - ANSWER the study of genetically determined variations i n the response to drugs Pharmacokinetic s - ANSWER the way the body deals with a drug, including absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion placebo effect - ANSWER documented effect of the mind on drug therapy; if a person perceives that a drug will be effective, the drug is much more likely to be effective receptor sites - ANSWER specific areas on cell membranes that react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell selective toxicity - ANSWER A drug that kills harmful microbes withou t damaging the host dynamic equilibrium - ANSWER a state of balance between continuing proce sses Biotransformation - ANSWER the alteration of a substance, such as a drug, wi thin the body NKA, NKDA - ANSWER no known allergies, no known drug allergies