Psychology
Cognitive
How is memory impacted by developmental psychology?
• Alzheimers
• affects WMM - function of central executive,
• affects STM and LTM, particularly episodic recall,
• affects formation of new LTMs,
• more damage to the hippocampus = more memory loss
Baddeley
Aim of Baddeley's experiment?
• To find out if LTM encodes acoustically or semantically.
Sample of baddeley
• 72 ppts from cambridge university subject panel
• Each condition had 20 participants
• Men and women
• Volunteer sample
Results of baddeley
• Acoustically similar words - confusing at first, ppts overtake control group. LTM not
confused by acoustic similarities
• Semantically similar words - confusing and experimental group lags behind control.
Experimental performs worse than acoustically similar.
Validity of baddeley
• High - internal validity
• Low - ecological validity - artificial word recall. Task validity - word lists
unrepresentative of real life memory
Reliability of baddeley
• Standardised procedures - same 4 sets of 10 word lists used. Each word displayed
for 3 seconds
• Replicable
, IV/DV of baddeley
• IV - Acoustic/ semantic similarity
• DV - Score on recall test
Procedure of baddeley
• Each group views a slideshow of a set of 10 words, each word appeared for 3
seconds
• Acoustically similar - words that share similar sound.
• Acoustically dissimilar - words that are all simple one syllable words, but they don't
sound same
• Semantically similar - words share similar meaning.
• Semantically dissimilar - unconnected words.
Conclusions of baddeley
• LTM encodes semantically
• STM encodes acoustically
Generalisability of baddeley
• Generalisable large sample - anomalies can be averaged out
• 15-20 people in each condition is not a lot. Anomaly can make a difference to scores
with small groups
• Representative sample - LTM works same for different cultures
• Unrepresentative of people - Ppts might have good memories and enjoy memory
tasks
Applications of baddeley
• Use of interference tasks to control STM was influential.
• Baddeley and Hitch developed WMM
Cognitive
How is memory impacted by developmental psychology?
• Alzheimers
• affects WMM - function of central executive,
• affects STM and LTM, particularly episodic recall,
• affects formation of new LTMs,
• more damage to the hippocampus = more memory loss
Baddeley
Aim of Baddeley's experiment?
• To find out if LTM encodes acoustically or semantically.
Sample of baddeley
• 72 ppts from cambridge university subject panel
• Each condition had 20 participants
• Men and women
• Volunteer sample
Results of baddeley
• Acoustically similar words - confusing at first, ppts overtake control group. LTM not
confused by acoustic similarities
• Semantically similar words - confusing and experimental group lags behind control.
Experimental performs worse than acoustically similar.
Validity of baddeley
• High - internal validity
• Low - ecological validity - artificial word recall. Task validity - word lists
unrepresentative of real life memory
Reliability of baddeley
• Standardised procedures - same 4 sets of 10 word lists used. Each word displayed
for 3 seconds
• Replicable
, IV/DV of baddeley
• IV - Acoustic/ semantic similarity
• DV - Score on recall test
Procedure of baddeley
• Each group views a slideshow of a set of 10 words, each word appeared for 3
seconds
• Acoustically similar - words that share similar sound.
• Acoustically dissimilar - words that are all simple one syllable words, but they don't
sound same
• Semantically similar - words share similar meaning.
• Semantically dissimilar - unconnected words.
Conclusions of baddeley
• LTM encodes semantically
• STM encodes acoustically
Generalisability of baddeley
• Generalisable large sample - anomalies can be averaged out
• 15-20 people in each condition is not a lot. Anomaly can make a difference to scores
with small groups
• Representative sample - LTM works same for different cultures
• Unrepresentative of people - Ppts might have good memories and enjoy memory
tasks
Applications of baddeley
• Use of interference tasks to control STM was influential.
• Baddeley and Hitch developed WMM
