NUR 611 EXAM 4 WITH QUESTIONS AND
WELL VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
[ALREADY GRADED A+] ACTUAL EXAM
100%
Calcium oxalate - ANS✔✔--The most common type of renal stone
kidney stones - ANS✔✔--Passage of these can be extremely painful and
may produce "referred pain" to umbilicus area - this is due to the sensory
innervation of the upper part of the ureter arising from the 10th thoracic
nerve roots.
Normal breathing (eupnea) - ANS✔✔--rhythmic and effortless.
Ventilatory rate is 8 to 16 breaths per minute, and tidal volume ranges from
400 to 800 ml. A short expiratory pause occurs with each breath, and the
individual takes an occasional deeper breath or sigh. Sigh breaths, which
help maintain normal lung function, are usually 1.5 to 2 times the normal
tidal volume and occur approximately 10 to 12 times per hour.
,Kussmaul respirations (hyperpnea) - ANS✔✔--These are characterized by
a slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volume, and no
expiratory pause.
Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis - ANS✔✔--a condition that
includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis (viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial,
fungal) and noninfectious cystitis (radiation, chemical, autoimmune,
hypersensitivity). The cause is unknown, but an autoimmune reaction may
be responsible for the inflammatory response, which includes mast cell
activation, altered epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and
increased sensory nerve sensitivity.
Acute unilateral renal obstruction and hypertension - ANS✔✔--The reduced
perfusion (kidneys require at least 20-25% cardiac output - MAP) of the
affected kidney activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
(RAAS), which causes constriction of peripheral arterioles.
Urinary Tract Infection - ANS✔✔--Clinical manifestations of this
condition in an older adult are Confusion and poorly localized abdominal
discomfort. Can be very difficult diagnose due to vague symptoms.
Pyelonephritis - ANS✔✔--an infection of one or both upper urinary tracts
(ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium). Urinary obstruction and
reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux) are the most
common underlying risk factors. Microorganisms usually associated with
acute pyelonephritis include E. coli, Proteus, or Pseudomonas. These
, microorganisms also split urea into ammonia, making alkaline urine that
increases the risk of stone formation.
Acute glomerulonephritis - ANS✔✔--includes renal diseases in which
glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage
the glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium,
basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes). The classic symptoms
include sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and
proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases,
these symptoms are also accompanied by edema, hypertension, and
impaired renal function.
Nephrotic syndrome - ANS✔✔--the excretion of 3.0 g or more of protein
(massive proteinuria) in the urine per day, hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.0
g/dl), and peripheral edema. This is characteristic of glomerular injury.
Primary causes of this condition include minimal change disease (lipoid
nephrosis), membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis. Secondary forms of this condition occur in systemic
diseases including diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus
erythematosus. This condition also is seen with certain drugs, infections,
malignancies, and vascular disorders.
acute kidney injury - ANS✔✔--this condition may be acute and rapidly
progressive (within hours), and the process may be reversible.
WELL VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
[ALREADY GRADED A+] ACTUAL EXAM
100%
Calcium oxalate - ANS✔✔--The most common type of renal stone
kidney stones - ANS✔✔--Passage of these can be extremely painful and
may produce "referred pain" to umbilicus area - this is due to the sensory
innervation of the upper part of the ureter arising from the 10th thoracic
nerve roots.
Normal breathing (eupnea) - ANS✔✔--rhythmic and effortless.
Ventilatory rate is 8 to 16 breaths per minute, and tidal volume ranges from
400 to 800 ml. A short expiratory pause occurs with each breath, and the
individual takes an occasional deeper breath or sigh. Sigh breaths, which
help maintain normal lung function, are usually 1.5 to 2 times the normal
tidal volume and occur approximately 10 to 12 times per hour.
,Kussmaul respirations (hyperpnea) - ANS✔✔--These are characterized by
a slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volume, and no
expiratory pause.
Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis - ANS✔✔--a condition that
includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis (viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial,
fungal) and noninfectious cystitis (radiation, chemical, autoimmune,
hypersensitivity). The cause is unknown, but an autoimmune reaction may
be responsible for the inflammatory response, which includes mast cell
activation, altered epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and
increased sensory nerve sensitivity.
Acute unilateral renal obstruction and hypertension - ANS✔✔--The reduced
perfusion (kidneys require at least 20-25% cardiac output - MAP) of the
affected kidney activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
(RAAS), which causes constriction of peripheral arterioles.
Urinary Tract Infection - ANS✔✔--Clinical manifestations of this
condition in an older adult are Confusion and poorly localized abdominal
discomfort. Can be very difficult diagnose due to vague symptoms.
Pyelonephritis - ANS✔✔--an infection of one or both upper urinary tracts
(ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium). Urinary obstruction and
reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux) are the most
common underlying risk factors. Microorganisms usually associated with
acute pyelonephritis include E. coli, Proteus, or Pseudomonas. These
, microorganisms also split urea into ammonia, making alkaline urine that
increases the risk of stone formation.
Acute glomerulonephritis - ANS✔✔--includes renal diseases in which
glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage
the glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium,
basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes). The classic symptoms
include sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and
proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases,
these symptoms are also accompanied by edema, hypertension, and
impaired renal function.
Nephrotic syndrome - ANS✔✔--the excretion of 3.0 g or more of protein
(massive proteinuria) in the urine per day, hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.0
g/dl), and peripheral edema. This is characteristic of glomerular injury.
Primary causes of this condition include minimal change disease (lipoid
nephrosis), membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis. Secondary forms of this condition occur in systemic
diseases including diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus
erythematosus. This condition also is seen with certain drugs, infections,
malignancies, and vascular disorders.
acute kidney injury - ANS✔✔--this condition may be acute and rapidly
progressive (within hours), and the process may be reversible.
