Para lec midterm

Para lec midterm Para lec midterm PARASITOLOGY LECTURE MIDTERMS WEEK 8: SPOROZOA (PLASmODIUm SPP. AND BABESIA SPP.)  Acanthamoeba Entamoeba dispar  Endolimax nana Entamoeba gingivalis  Entamoeba coli Entamoeba histolytica  Iodamoeba butschlii Naegleria fowleri SUBPHYLUM MASTIGOPHORA  Chilomastix mesnili Dientamoeba fragilis  Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis  Trichomonas hominis Trichomonas tenax  Trichomonas vaginalis  Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania donovani  Leishmania tropica Trypanosoma cruzi  Trypanosoma brucei complex PHYLUM CILIOPHORA  Balantidium coli PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA  Babesia spp.  Cryptosporidium hominis  Cyclospora cayetanesis  Isospora belli  Plasmodium spp.  Toxoplasma gondii  From Italian word “mal’aria” which means “bad air”  Considered to be the most important parasitic disease affecting man (Belizario, 2004)  Vector: female Anopheles mosquito  Primary: Anopheles minimus var. Flavirostris  Others: Anopheles litoralis, Anopheles maculates, Anopheles mangyamus, Anopheles balabacensis, Anopheles philippinensis  Final Host: female Anopheles mosquito harbors parasite to its mature stage  Intermediate Host: Man  Infective stages: Sporozoites (man), Gametocytes (mosquito) micro and macro gametocytes  Historical development of theories of causality  One of the 3 major infectious disease threats along with HIV and TB  causing 2,5 million deaths each year  Vector Biology: Anopheles flavirostris  Aquatic Habitat: slow flowing streams; shaded streams do not require direct sunlight  Adult biting: Night biting (indoor and outdoor)  Adult resting:inside walls PHYLUM MICROSPORA  Enterocytozon bineusi  Encephalitozoon spp.  Vittaforma cornea  Pleistophora spp.  Brachiola vesicularum  Microsporidium spp. PLASMODIUM SPP.  Plasmodium falciparum  Plasmodium vivax  Plasmodium malariae  Plasmodium ovale  Plasmodium knowlesi BABESIA SPP  Babesia microti Plasmodium and Babesia have no obvious structures for the SUBPHYLUM SARCODINA PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOAN PARASITES MR. CLINTON DIZON RmT2023 2 Para lec midterm Para lec midterm purpose of motility w/c is known as the sporozoans MALARIA One of the most complex life cycles since the vector is biological (included in the parasite’s life cycle) 3 Para lec midterm Para lec midterm  the sporozoites are carried through the peripheral blood to the parenchymal cells of the liver  It is here that schizogony (asexual multiplication) occurs  Infected liver ruptures and introduce  merozoites into the circulating blood   These migrating merozoites  target age and size-specific RBCs to invade and thereby initiate the phase of reproduction involving  red blood cells known as the erythrocytic cycle of growth. ONE OF THREE PATHS MAY BE TAKEN: 1. Some of the RBCs infected with merozoites rupture  releasing these forms to target and infect new RBCs, and this part of the cycle repeats itself. 2. other infected RBCs containing merozoites develop into  microgametocytes and macrogametocytes 3. and still others are destroyed by the immune system of an otherwise healthy individual. Re infect the liver  hypnozoites (dormant Plasmodiuminfected liver cells) may form during infection with P. vivax or P. ovale.  These forms, also known as sleeping forms, may be dormant for months to years after the initial infection.  once stimulated, the hypnozoites rupture and introduce merozoites into the circulating blood, thus initiating the erythrocytic cycle and a relapse infection, or recrudescence.  Transmission of the parasite back into the vector occurs when the  mosquito ingests mature male (micro) and female (macro) sex cells called gametocytes during a blood meal, thus initiating the sexual cycle of growth.  Male and female gametocytes unite in the mosquito’s stomach and form a fertilized cell called a zygote (also known as an ookinete).  The zygote becomes encysted  and matures into an oocyst.  On complete maturation, the oocyst ruptures and releases sporozoites A. PRE-ERYTHROCYTIC / EXO-ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE  Mosquito takes blood meal or bites the man injecting the sporozoites (infective stage)  leaves vascular system w/in 30-60 mins  from the bloodstream to liver, Sporozoite infect liver parenchymal cells  asexual multiplication or schizogony occurs in parenchymal cells  Schizont  if schizont cannot contain merozoites anymore, Liver cells rupture releasing the merozoites in the bloodstream  B. Erythrocytic Cycle takes place