Topic IA -
Biological Molecules
MOLECULE] Of LIFE :
monomers
single unit/polymer multiple
·
s 3
monomers .
join together in a condensation reaction to form polymers.
·
monomers
break down
polymers into monomers via hydrolysis reactions
·
.
polymer monomer
·
DNA nucleotide
Protein amino acid
monosaccaride
Carbohydrale
SUGARS :
glucose 7 7
sucrose
glucose-glucosee maltose + He
/disaccharides glucose + fructose Sucrose H20
mals
a
fructose
monosaccarides
-
- +
lactose
glucose + galactose e lactose H20
+
2 monosaccarides join together by condensation reactions to form a disaccaride
.
alpha glucose and beta
glucose
:
Isomers of .
glucose
H H H OH
-
O -
O
HO
a
glucose
& OH HO
b glucose
& H
glycosydic bond
H " HH- HH
glucose
O OH
accos -
- -
HO
a +
OH HO OH HO
\maltose
O &the
A
Heat sample in waterbath with Benedicts solution
-
L ↓ Test for
blue
green
-
yellow -
orange
- brick red precipitate reducing
↓ ↓ sugars
no
reducing Sugar reducing sugar present
Heat sample in waterbath with Benedicts solution
-
L ↓ -
blue
green
-
yellow -
orange
- brick red precipitate -
↓ ↓
-
I
no
reducing sugar reducing sugar present
↓
heat sample with dilute HCI acid then neutralise sample by
a new
adding
Benedicts solution
sodium
hydrogen carbonate . Hear with .
↓ ↓
blue brick red
green
-
yellow -
orange
-
precipitate
↓ ↓ #
no
sugar present non-reducing sugar present r
, POLYSACCARIDES :
Are formed when more than 2 monosaccarides join via condensation reactions
.
=
↑
Starch : Cellulose ·
cells forms plant cell walls
only found in plant
·
,
.
broken down
by hydrolysis
·
to release alpha glucose
. to release beta
glucose .
insoluble in water so doesn't insoluble doesn't affect insoluble doesn't
affect
·
so so
·
Amylose : ell ·
branched shape ,
has
bonds .
Test for Starch ; iodine test
Add iodine thats dissolved in potassium iodide .
L S
brown/orange blue/black
↓ ↓
negative result positive result
LIPIDS :
Lipids contain
hydrocarbons they known fats when solid andOils when
·
,
are as
liquid The
S
two
types of lipids are :
triglycerides phospholipids
and &
I
Trig
lycerides ; Phospholipids;
23 fatty
J
acids make 22
,
glycerol& fatty acids
Shydrophobic
Shydrophobic
tails tail
↓
ester bond
·
↓ ↳ ester bond ↓
glycerol phosphate group hydrophilic
-
↑
insoluble doesn't affect water potential make up the bilayer of
·
cell membranes
·
, I
,
used which controls enters / leaves the cell :
energy storage
·
as molecules what
form micelles when in water
2 phospholipid bilayer
·
:
Il II II Il
Chydrophilic head faces
#II +
(iii)
↑
S outwards-glycerol .
#/// hydrophobic tail faces
inwards
fatty acids
.
-
fatty acids ; unsaturated
fatty
acids and
saturated
·
acids
fatry .
↓ ↓
have Single carbon
double carbon chains ,
causing kinks .
chains
structure acid
fatty
·
:
of
O Emulsion test : add ethano,
i
C-R (R group is variable
group) . then water and shake. Positive if
401
milky emulsion is
present .
Biological Molecules
MOLECULE] Of LIFE :
monomers
single unit/polymer multiple
·
s 3
monomers .
join together in a condensation reaction to form polymers.
·
monomers
break down
polymers into monomers via hydrolysis reactions
·
.
polymer monomer
·
DNA nucleotide
Protein amino acid
monosaccaride
Carbohydrale
SUGARS :
glucose 7 7
sucrose
glucose-glucosee maltose + He
/disaccharides glucose + fructose Sucrose H20
mals
a
fructose
monosaccarides
-
- +
lactose
glucose + galactose e lactose H20
+
2 monosaccarides join together by condensation reactions to form a disaccaride
.
alpha glucose and beta
glucose
:
Isomers of .
glucose
H H H OH
-
O -
O
HO
a
glucose
& OH HO
b glucose
& H
glycosydic bond
H " HH- HH
glucose
O OH
accos -
- -
HO
a +
OH HO OH HO
\maltose
O &the
A
Heat sample in waterbath with Benedicts solution
-
L ↓ Test for
blue
green
-
yellow -
orange
- brick red precipitate reducing
↓ ↓ sugars
no
reducing Sugar reducing sugar present
Heat sample in waterbath with Benedicts solution
-
L ↓ -
blue
green
-
yellow -
orange
- brick red precipitate -
↓ ↓
-
I
no
reducing sugar reducing sugar present
↓
heat sample with dilute HCI acid then neutralise sample by
a new
adding
Benedicts solution
sodium
hydrogen carbonate . Hear with .
↓ ↓
blue brick red
green
-
yellow -
orange
-
precipitate
↓ ↓ #
no
sugar present non-reducing sugar present r
, POLYSACCARIDES :
Are formed when more than 2 monosaccarides join via condensation reactions
.
=
↑
Starch : Cellulose ·
cells forms plant cell walls
only found in plant
·
,
.
broken down
by hydrolysis
·
to release alpha glucose
. to release beta
glucose .
insoluble in water so doesn't insoluble doesn't affect insoluble doesn't
affect
·
so so
·
Amylose : ell ·
branched shape ,
has
bonds .
Test for Starch ; iodine test
Add iodine thats dissolved in potassium iodide .
L S
brown/orange blue/black
↓ ↓
negative result positive result
LIPIDS :
Lipids contain
hydrocarbons they known fats when solid andOils when
·
,
are as
liquid The
S
two
types of lipids are :
triglycerides phospholipids
and &
I
Trig
lycerides ; Phospholipids;
23 fatty
J
acids make 22
,
glycerol& fatty acids
Shydrophobic
Shydrophobic
tails tail
↓
ester bond
·
↓ ↳ ester bond ↓
glycerol phosphate group hydrophilic
-
↑
insoluble doesn't affect water potential make up the bilayer of
·
cell membranes
·
, I
,
used which controls enters / leaves the cell :
energy storage
·
as molecules what
form micelles when in water
2 phospholipid bilayer
·
:
Il II II Il
Chydrophilic head faces
#II +
(iii)
↑
S outwards-glycerol .
#/// hydrophobic tail faces
inwards
fatty acids
.
-
fatty acids ; unsaturated
fatty
acids and
saturated
·
acids
fatry .
↓ ↓
have Single carbon
double carbon chains ,
causing kinks .
chains
structure acid
fatty
·
:
of
O Emulsion test : add ethano,
i
C-R (R group is variable
group) . then water and shake. Positive if
401
milky emulsion is
present .
