A&P - Endocrine system Questions And Answers With Verified Quiz

Acinar cells - -pancreatic cell that produces enzyme-rich juice -it is an exocrine product ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) aka corticotropin - anterior pituitary hormone that influences the activity of the adrenal cortex Adrenal cortex - outer portion of the adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones Adrenal gland - -paired endocrine glands located superior to the kidneys -each consists of an outer cortex & and inner medulla -cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids & androgens -medulla secretes catecholamines Adrenal medulla - -modified sympathetic ganglion -the inner portion of the gland it is in that produces catecholamines Aldosterone - hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium & potassium ion reabsorption Alpha cells - pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon Amine hormone - derivatives of single amino acids, either tyrosine or tryptophan Androgen - a hormone with testosterone-like actions Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is comprised of what type of tissue? - glandular tissue which produces six well-understood hormonesBeta cells - pancreatic cells that secrete insulin Calcitriol - active form of vitamin D which promotes calcium, magnesium & phosphate levels of the blood by inhibiting bone breakdown & accelerating calcium absorption by bones Catecholamine - -a type of organic compound that contains a benzene ring structure & an amine group -dopamine, norepinephrine & epinephrine are what these are Endocrine gland - ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood Epinephrine - -chief hormone produced by the adrenal medulla -aka adrenalin -is part of the catecholamine family Estrogen - -female sex hormone produced by the ovary -during puberty promotes development of secondary sex characteristics -is necessary for production of the ovum Exocrine glands - glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) - hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovarian follicle production in females & sperm in males GH (growth hormone) - -anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates growth & energy metabolism -aka somatotropinGland - organ specialized to secrete or excrete substances for further use in the body or for elimination Glucagon - -hormone formed by alpha cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas -raises the glucose levels of the blood Glucocorticoids - adrenal cortex hormones that regulate blood glucose levels & aid the body in resisting stress Gonadotropins - -FSH -LH Hormones - steroidal or amino acid-based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions Hormones secreted by the "anterior pituitary gland" - -LH (luteinizing hormone) -FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) -GH (growth hormone) -TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) -ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) -PRL (prolactin) Hormones secreted by the "posterior pituitary gland" - -oxytocin -ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Hypothalamus - region of the brain located inferior to the thalamus Insulin-like growth factors (IGS's) aka somatomedins - -chemical factors required for the growth effects of GH -synthesized by the liverLH (luteinizing hormone) - -anterior pituitary hormone that aids maturation of cells in the ovary & triggers ovulation in females -in males, causes the interstitial cells of the testis to produce testosterone List the catecholamines - -dopamine -norepinephrine -epinephrine Melatonin - a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that coordinates body activities with lightdark cycles Mineralocorticoids - steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex that regulates metabolism & fluid balance Norepinephrine - -is part of the catecholamine family -associated with sympathetic nervous system activation -functions as a neurotransmitter in sympathetic postganglionic neurons Ovaries (gland) - -paired endocrine glands located in the female pelvic cavity -produce the female gametes -secrete the steroids estrogen & progesterone -secrete the peptide known as inhibin Oxyphil cells - the cell of the parathyroid gland that has no known function Pancreas (gland) - -gland located behind the stomach, between the spleen & duodenum -produces both endo/exocrine secretions -endocrine (the hormones insulin & glucagon)-exocrine (digestive juices ducted to the small intestine) Pancreatic Islets aka Islets of Lagerhans - -irregular microscopic structures scattered throughout the pancreas -composed of alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells & PP cells Parathyroid gland - -small endocrine glands, commonly four, located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland -secrete PTH Parathyroid hormone - hormone released that regulates blood calcium level Peptide - -a molecule formed by linking amino acids in a chain -usually, but not always, contains fewer than 50 amino acids Pineal gland - -endocrine gland located in the diencephalon of the brain -secretes melatonin Pituitary gland - -neuroendocrine gland located beneath the hypothalamus of the brain -anterior lobe secretes LH, FSH, GH, TSH, ACTH & PRL (prolactin) -posterior lobe releases oxytocin & ADH (vasopressin) that are produced by hypothalamic neurons Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is comprised of what type of tissue? - neural tissue which releases two hormones produced by neurons in the hypothalamus PRL (prolactin) - -anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates lactation in females -although present in males, its action is uncertain Progesterone - -steroid hormone secreted by the ovary & placenta-regulates ovarian function, uterine lining, breast development -its required for pregnancy Renin-angiotensin mechanism - -when BP, blood volume or Na+ concentration drops (i.e. hemorrhage) -then kidneys release renin into blood -which converts angiotensinogen (plasma protein produced by the liver) into angiotensin I -then Ang-I is converted to Ang-II by ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) as blood flows through the lung capillaries -then Ang-II signals for aldosterone release & vasoconstriction