PSYC2081 Complete Practice Guide With Complete Answers.

What is Pavlovian conditioning? - correct answer Learning the relationship between events and the world US ----- UR CS ----- CR What is Instrumental Conditioning? - correct answer Learning the relationship between a voluntary response and either reinforcing or punishing the behaviour What is Positive Reinforcement? - correct answer Adding a reward to increase behaviour What is Negative Reinforcement? - correct answer Removing consequence to increase behaviour What is Positive Punishment? - correct answer Adding a negative consequence to reduce behaviour What is Negative Punishment? - correct answer Removing positive consequence to decrease behaviour What are the 3 R's for animal ethics in experiments? - correct answer 1. Replacement: Replacing animals with other methods 2. Reduction: Minimising the animals used 3. Refinement: Using techniques that minimises adverse impacts on animas Who was the first academic psychologist? - correct answer Ebbinghaus () What was Ebbinghaus' theory on the short and long history of psychology? - correct answer Short: Discipline of psychology recently emerging, established by Wundt in Leipzig University Long: People have been natural psychologists, since psychology is a topic with intrinsic interest Why was Cambridge University originally denied for studying psychology? - correct answer It was an insult against religion Who was the first to propose a mechanism for evolutionary change? - correct answer Jean-Baptiste Lamarck () What was Lamarck's theory of evolution? - correct answer If characteristic was used a lot by an animal than it would become more developed. - Acquired characteristics could be passed to animal's offspring What was Lamarckian Influences? - correct answer 1. Environmental changes produces new habits 2. New habits produce physical changes 3. Physical changes are heritable Who suggested that plants and animals produce far more offspring than can survive, and that humans are capable of overproducing if left unchecked? - correct answer Malthus () What was Darwin's theory of Natural Selection? - correct answer Those who possess variations that favour survival are more likely to have offspring who will inherit these adaptive adaptations What were the two aims of "The Origin of Species"? - correct answer 1. Show that evolution had occurred 2. Show the mechanisms of natural selection Who was considered Darwin's "bulldog" to retaliate against the public for him? - correct answer Thomas Huxley () What was Darwin's reply to the "Descent of Man"? - correct answer Sexual selection is a factor of human evolution and this explains certain mental faculties (human intellect is not unique) Who discovered the linear progress of evolution, with humans being the highest evolved life? - correct answer Romanes (1884) What were the two critieria for mind? - correct answer 1. Organism must have a nervous system 2. Behaviour must be sensitive to past experience, indicating learning and memory What did Morgan criticise about Romane's theory? - correct answer 1. Ignored opportunities for animal to learn behaviour 2. Confused testable and non-testable inferences from behaviour to mental events 3. Used unnecessarily complex terms to explain behaviour 4. Romane's data were based off one-time observations - not enough data to understand the mind What did Thorndike's puzzle box experiment show? - correct answer For testing the time an animal takes to learn a response: 1. Cross-species comparison: No observable differences 2. Learning by imitation: No evidence 3. Memory: No forgetting over time What is the Law of Effect? - correct answer Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely What did Watson () suggest? - correct answer The psychology should be a study of the behaviour rather than the mind Argued the introspection theory since it relied heavily on subjective data Compare the two scientific traditions in Psychology - correct answer Natural: 1. Observational 2. Species difference 3. Function 4. Evolutionary Theory Physiological: 1. Experimental 2. General mechanisms 3. Applications 4. Reflex and S-R Theory What is external inhibition? - correct answer External inhibition is the observed decrease of the response of a conditioned reaction when an external (distracting) stimulus that was not part of the original conditioned response set is introduced (E.g. Stage 1: Tone + Food -- Tone indicates food Stage 2: Tone + Food + Light -- Switches attention to light, decreased response to tone What is disinhibition? - correct answer Disinhibition is when the animal relearns the forgotten stimulus originally paired before inhibition What is Spontaneous Recovery? - correct answer the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred B.F Skinner studied feeding rats and measured how often they would press a lever/bar for food. What did he notice? - correct answer Salivary responses were involuntary; lever presses were voluntary - rats pressed button more often for food What is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement? - correct answer Number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same (e.g. farmer picking fruit and filling the basket, swaps for next basket) What is a variable ratio schedule? - correct answer Reinforcement occurs after some average number of responses, but the number varies from reinforcement to reinforcement (e.g. fishing) What is a fixed interval schedule? - correct answer Reinforcement of behaviour after a fixed period of time (e.g. studying for an exam) What is variable interval ratio schedule? - correct answer Reinforcement of behaviour at variable intervals of time (e.g. poker machines) What was Skinner's views on society? - correct answer Skinner argued that behaviour was controlled by past interactions with the environment, reinforced by certain stimuli, etc. What is the Matching Law (Herrnstein)? - correct answer The relative rate of responding on a particular response alternative equals the relative rate of reinforcement for that response alternative What does Matching Law say about our behaviour? - correct answer We allocate behaviour in proportion to value derived from each activity In an experiment using rats and two levers producing two different outcomes (food vs. brain stimulation), what can we say about demand and choice? - correct answer Demand was greater for stimulation is cost is low but preferred food if cost is high What is radical behaviourism? - correct answer Focus on external variables and how the environment interacts with behaviour (ignored all "inner" variables) Who argued that natural selection explained the human body, not the human mind? - correct answer Alfred Wallace Generally, what do stimuli signalling attractive events elicit? - correct answer Approach and consummatory responses How do animals learn to have preference? - correct answer By ingesting/enjoying a stimulus, they will like it and begin showing liking response symptoms How are drug preferences conditioned? - correct answer Initially, there is a negative hedonic value associated with the drug but acquires a positive hedonic value What is fear conditioning? - correct answer the process of classically conditioning animals to fear neutral objects How are biological functions related to conditioned responses? - correct answer Using GENDER as an example, males repeatedly exposed to a stimulus associated with a rival, that stimulus will become a signal for that rival E.g. Male fish (blue gourami) established a territory to attract females, they defend the territory against other males How can cue - consequence affect learning? - correct answer An animal learning that a stimuli (despite being attractive) results in a consequence, they will dislike that stimulus (e.g. food associated with nausea became disliked) Is temporary contiguity sufficient for learning? (NOTE: Temporal contiguity is the association of two stimulus) - correct answer No, it alone is NOT sufficient. Learning will become sufficient when paired with contingency as well.