Biology 101, Exam 2 2024 Questions & Answers with Complete Solution

Biology 101, Exam 2 2024 Questions & Answers with Complete Solution Acetyl combines with: - coenzyme A Aerobic respiration formula: - Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6 Oxygen (6(O2) -to- 36-38 ATP + 6 Water(6(H2O) + 6 Carbon DiOxide (6(CO2) occurs in mitochondria Anaerobic respiration in animals formula: - Glucose (C6H12O6) -to- 2 ATP + 2 Lactic Acid occurs in cytoplasm Anaerobic respiration in yeast formula: - Glucose (C6H12O6) -to- 2 ATP + 2 Carbon DiOxide (2(CO2) + 2 ethanol occurs in cytoplasm Anaerobic respiration/Glycolysis occurs in what organelle? - The cytoplasm ATP is made by all cells by what process? - Cellular respiration ATP supplies energy by giving up what? - phosphate groups Carbon DiOxide (CO2) and Oxygen (O2) enters the cell through the phospholipid bilayer by what process? Why? - They enter through the process of SIMPLE diffusion since they are non polar and do not require energy input (passive transport) Carbon enters the ecosystem via the molecule called ___? During what process? - Carbon DiOxide (CO2) during the process of photosynthesis Cells that do not have a nucleus are: - prokaryotes Cellular respiration formula: - Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6 Oxygen (6(O2) -to- 36 ATP + 6 Water (6(H2O) + 6 Carbon DiOxide (6(CO2) With enzymes and mitochondria Cellulose is made up of: - glucose molecules Centrioles are involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division and found only in: - Animal cells Describe a cofactor: - Certain METAL IONS and COENZYMES called COFACTORS are needed for some enzymes to function. An example is the IRON ION. (which is necessary for the enzyme hemoglobin to accept O2) Describe a PHOSPHOLIPID - The hydrophilic PHOSPHATE HEADS face outward while the hydrophobic FATTY ACID TAILS face inward Describe active transport: - Moves AGAINST the concentration gradient ([L] to [H]). ATP is required. Some structures involved are the PROTEIN PUMP in the fatty acid bilayer. Some examples of the substances transported are the Sodium-Potassium (Na+ K+) pump and the Chlorine (Cl-) ion channel. Describe an allosteric enzyme: - an allosteric enzyme has ONE active site for its specific substrate and ANOTHER site that binds with an inhibitor molecule (also called non-competitive inhibition) Describe endocytosis: - Moves AGAINST the concentration gradient ([L] to [H]). ATP is required. Some structures involved are PROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS (pseudopods for phagocytosis). Some examples of the substances transported are BACTERIA and LARGE MOLECULES like Insulin.