DH206 Ch 18, 19, 20 Exam Questions With Accurate Answers.

DH206 Ch 18, 19, 20 Exam Questions With Accurate Answers. Insulin promotes - answerfuel storage (pulls glucose out of the blood) - lowers the blood sugar Glucagon promotes - answerfuel mobilization (glucose into the blood) - raises the blood sugar Type I diabetes is insulin - answerdependent Type II diabetes is - answernon-insulin dependent Type I diabetes results from - answerautoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells Type I diabetes is associated with - answer-complete lack of insulin -increased glucagon secretion -rapid onset of disease -ketosis In type II diabetes what amount of insulin does the pancreas secrete? - answerenough to prevent ketoacidosis but not enough to normalize plasma glucose What develops in type II diabetes? - answerInsulin resistance that causes the pancreas to eventually give out Increased urination in diabetics can cause - answerxerostsomia Xerostomia results in - answerDry, cracking oral mucosa with presence of mucositis, ulcers, infections, and an inflamed painful tongue What is associated with elevated Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)? - answerthickening of blood vessels Patients with diabetes have - answerfragile blood vessels, delayed wound healing, & a tendency to develop infections Retinopathy - answermicrovascular disease affects the blood supply to the retina Cardiovascular system problems in diabetics - answerincidence of problems is higher in patients with diabetes When patients with insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) undergo intensive treatment, it can reduce diabetic problems but it can increase - answerrisk of hypoglycemia by 3x, weight gain Serum glucose - answermeasure of the patient's glucose control at the time that the blood is sampled Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) - answerreflects glucose control over a 2- to 3-month period normal fasting blood glucose - answerless than 110 mg/dl Goal for blood glucose for diabetics - answer80-120 mg/dl Normal HbA1c - answerless than 6 Goal for diabetic HbA1c - answerless than 7 How is insulin administered? - answersubcutaneous injection Rapid acting insulin - answer-insulin aspart (Novolog) -insulin lispro (Humalog) Intermediate acting insulin - answerInsulin NPH (Humalin N, Novalin N) short acting insuliin - answerinsulin regular (Novolin R, Humulin R) What is the most common adverse reaction to insulin? - answerhypoglycemia Symptoms of hypoglycemia (after unintentionally administering too much insulin), which are sweating, weakness, nausea, and tachycardia occur because - answerthere is an increased release of epinephrine from the adrenals Symptoms from glucose deprivation of the brain - answerheadache, blurred vision, mental confusion, incoherent speech, and eventually coma, convulsions, and death Oldest oral antidiabetic agent - answersulfonylureas What is the mechanism of action for sulfonylureas like glipize and glyburide? - answer- stimulation of release of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas -reduction of glucose from the liver -reduction in serum glucagon levels -increase in sensitivity of target tissues to insulin