StraighterLine- Sociology 101, Topic 2 Development of Sociology Exam Questions and Complete Solutions

StraighterLine- Sociology 101, Topic 2 Development of Sociology Exam Questions and Complete Solutions sociological perspective - Answer: understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context Tally's Corner (Liebow) - Answer: A Sociological research the demonstrated the need to look deeper into social inequalities. sociological imagination - Answer: Ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives Microsociology - Answer: Sociological investigation that stresses the study of small groups, often through experimental means. Marcosociology - Answer: the level of analysis that studies large-scale social structures in order to determine how they affect the lives of groups and individuals August Comte () - Answer: commonly credited with being the founder of sociology and as having coined the name "sociology" Harriete Martineau - Answer: the first book on the methodology of social research, How to Observe Manners and Morals; Feminist. Herbert Spencer - Answer: "Survival of the fittest"; Social Darwinism between societies and cultures Karl Marx - Answer: . 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. class conflict - Answer: Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers Emile Durkheim - Answer: -Pioneer of modern social research and established the field as separate and distinct from psychology and politics -Major proponent of functionalism -Argued that modern society was more complex than primitive societies because they were all similar, shared a common language. Even when people were dissimilar, they relied on each other to make society function. Max Weber - Answer: German sociologist that regarded the development of rational social orders as humanity's greatest achievement. Saw bureaucratization (the process whereby labor is divided into an organized community and individuals acquire a sense of personal identity by finding roles for themselves in large systems) as the driving force in modern society. Verstehen (Weber) - Answer: understanding social behavior by putting yourself in the place of others W.E.B Du Bois - Answer: took sociology out of the ivory tower and did investigative fieldwork, gathering material on the African- American community of Philadelphia, University of Chicago - Answer: The Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago was founded by Albion Small. Small also founded the American Journal of Psychology. Members of this department included Robert Park, George Herbert Mead, and Ernest Burgess. Hull House - Answer: Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty. Jane Addams - Answer: the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes Contemporary Sociology - Answer: critical theory, feminism, and postmodernism. Critical Theory - Answer: a contemporary form of conflict theory that criticizes many different systems and ideologies of domination and oppression Feminism - Answer: A female movement for gender equality. Postmodernism - Answer: Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture. theoretical perspective - Answer: A theoretical perspective provides a set of assumptions, interrelated concepts, and statements about how various social phenomena are related to one another. Functionalists - Answer: Functionalists focus on the parts of society, particularly its major institutions, such as the family, religion, the economy, the state, and education. manifest functions - Answer: the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions latent functions - Answer: the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern Dysfunction - Answer: negative consequence of an aspect of society Conflict Theory - Answer: a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources interactionist perspective - Answer: A sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole. constructed reality - Answer: Our experience of the world. Meaning is not something that inheres in things; it is a property that derives from, or arises out of, the interaction that takes place among people in the course of their daily lives. Charles Horton Cooley - Answer: used the term "looking-glass self" to explain that we see ourselves as we imagine others see us Erwin Goffman - Answer: I am concerned with the presentation of the self. I coined the term impression management. I often use the theater as a metaphor for explaining everyday social interactions. Face-saving is an important aspect of my theory. I emphasized the ways in which we consciously create images of ourselves for others. Harriete Martineau - Answer: I was an early sociologist in the nineteenth century. I was from England but also studied America. I spoke out about women's rights and the emancipation of slaves. I conducted research on the nature of female employment. I wrote the book Society in America, published in 1837. George Herbert Mead - Answer: I am best known for my theory of the self. I used the term significant others to refer to those individuals who are most important in the development of the self. I believed that the self emerged through a three-stage process: the preparatory stage, the play stage, and the game stage. I taught at the University of Chicago beginning in 1893. I was the founder of the interactinist perspective of sociology W.E.B. DuBois - Answer: I was an early Black sociologist in America. In my research, I documented the low social status of Black with hard facts. I was an American born in 1868. I was the first Black person to receive a doctorate from Harvard University. I helped organize the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Jane Addams - Answer: I was a social reformer in the early 1900s. I helped to prevent racial segregation in the Chicago schools. I was an active member of the American Sociological Society. My portrait appears on a postage stamp. I was cofounder of the famous Chicago settlement, Hull House Ferdinand Tonnies - Answer: Think of me when you consider the ideas of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft: close-knit communities or mass societies. I was German. I was appalled by the rise of inducstry cities during the 1800s. My view of social structure is an example of functionalist analysis. I through that social change takes place quickly in an urban environment. Max Weber - Answer: I invented the construct of the ideal type. I was born in Germany and died in 1920. I used the word class to refer to people at a similar level of wealth and income. I showed that the ideal bureaucracy will be similar in all kinds of organizations, whether religious, governmental, educcational, or for business. I wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, first published in 1904 Karl Marx - Answer: I wrote that "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles..." I spent most of my lifein exile. I was born in Germany. I believed lead to the destruction of the capitalist system because workers would revolt. With Friedrich Engels, I wrote The Communist Manifesto Emile Durkheim - Answer: I did an intensive study of the Arunta tribe in Australia. I was one of the first professors of sociology in France. I originated the concept of anomie, a loss of direction felt by society when social control becomes ineffective. I conducted a landmark study of suicide rates in sevral European countries. In my view, the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and contribute to social stability Weber's term for a construct or model used to evaluate specific cases. - Answer: Ideal type Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. - Answer: Deviance A collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor. - Answer: Organic Solidarity German word for "insight" or "understanding;" used by Max Weber to stress the need for sociologists to take into account the subjective meanings people attach to their actions. - Answer: Verstehen A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. - Answer: Functionalism A sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole. - Answer: Symbolic Interaction Psychological term for individuals who see the world from their own narrow point of view; people who are self-centered. - Answer: Egocentric A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups. - Answer: Conflict theory A concept used by Charles Horton Cooley that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions. - Answer: Looking-glass self Spencer's view of society as "survival of the fittest" like Darwin's view of evolution. - Answer: Social Darwinism Method of studying society that emphasizes observation, comparison, and experimentation. - Answer: Positivism Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. - Answer: Anomie