MNG exam Complete Questions And Verified Correct Answers.

"Big Five" personality factors - correct answer Personality Dimensions Extroversion Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive Agreeableness Trusting, good-natured, cooperative, soft-hearted Conscientiousness Dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, persistent Emotional stability Relaxed, secure, unworried Openness to Experience Intellectual, imaginative, curious Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory - correct answer Self-efficacy - correct answer Internal vs external locus of control - correct answer Fundamental attribution error (bias) - correct answer •People attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics rather than to situational factors. Self-serving bias - correct answer •People tend to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure. Halo effect - correct answer •Forming an impression of an individual based on a single trait. •"One trait tells me all I need to know." Equity theory by Dr. Stacy Adams - correct answer Herzberg's Two-Factor theory of motivation - correct answer Five Sources of Power - correct answer Four behavior reinforcement tools (positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction) - correct answer Motivation - correct answer The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior. Extrinsic rewards - correct answer Payoff a person receives from others for performing a particular task. Intrinsic rewards - correct answer Satisfaction a person receives from performing the particular task itself. Personality - correct answer The stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity. Extroversion - correct answer Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive Agreeableness - correct answer Trusting, good-natured, cooperative, soft-hearted Conscientiousness - correct answer Dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, persistent Emotional stability - correct answer Relaxed, secure, unworried Openness to Experience - correct answer Intellectual, imaginative, curious Core self-evaluation - correct answer Represents a broad personality trait comprising four positive individual traits. 1.Self-efficacy 2.Self-esteem 3.Locus of control 4.Emotional stability Self-efficacy - correct answer Belief in one's ability to do a task. Generalized self-efficacy - correct answer •Represents individuals' perceptions of their ability to perform across a variety of different situations. •Career readiness competency desired by employers. Assign jobs accordingly. - correct answer Complex, challenging, and autonomous jobs tend to enhance people's perceptions of their self-efficacy. Boring, tedious jobs generally do the opposite. Develop self-efficacy. - correct answer Self-efficacy is a quality that can be nurtured. Employees with low self-efficacy need lots of constructive pointers and positive feedback. Goal difficulty needs to match individuals' perceived self-efficacy, but goals can be made more challenging as performance improves. Small successes need to be rewarded. Employees' expectations can be improved through guided experiences, mentoring, and role modeling. Self-esteem - correct answer The extent to which people like or dislike themselves. High self-esteem: - correct answer more apt to handle failure better, emphasize the positive and to take more risks. Low self-esteem: - correct answer tend to focus more on one's weaknesses, may be more dependent on others. Some Ways That Managers Can Boost Employee Self-Esteem. - correct answer Reinforce employees' positive attributes and skills. • Provide positive feedback whenever possible. • Break larger projects into smaller tasks and projects. • Express confidence in employees' abilities to complete their tasks. • Provide coaching whenever employees are seen to be struggling to complete tasks. Locus of control - correct answer Indicates how much people believe they control their fate through their own efforts. Internal locus of control: - correct answer •You believe you control your destiny. External locus of control: - correct answer You believe external forces control you Emotional stability - correct answer •The extent to which people feel secure and unworried and to which they are likely to experience negative emotions under pressure. Emotional intelligence - correct answer •Ability to monitor your and others' feelings and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions. •First introduced in 1909, some claim it to be the "secret elixir" to happiness and higher performance. Self-awareness. - correct answer The most essential trait. This is the ability to read your own emotions and gauge your moods accurately, so you know how you're affecting others. Self-management. - correct answer This is the ability to control your emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways. You can leave occasional bad moods outside the office. . Social awareness. - correct answer This includes empathy, allowing you to show others that you care, and organizational intuition, so you keenly understand how your emotions and actions affect others. Relationship management. - correct answer This is the ability to communicate clearly and convincingly, disarm conflicts, and build strong personal bonds. Organizational behavior (OB) - correct answer •Dedicated to better understanding and managing people at work. •Tries to help managers explain and predict work behavior, so they can better lead and motivate their employees to perform productively. Values - correct answer •Abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations. Attitude - correct answer •A learned predisposition toward a given object. •Directly influences our behavior. Affective: "I feel." - correct answer •feelings or emotions one has about a situation. Cognitive: "I believe." - correct answer •Beliefs and knowledge one has about a situation. Behavioral: "I intend." - correct answer •How one intends or expects to behave toward a situation. Cognitive dissonance - correct answer •The psychological discomfort a person experiences between his or her cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior. How people deal with the discomfort depends on: - correct answer •Importance: Can you live with the ambiguity? •Control: How much control do you have over the situation? •Rewards: What rewards are at stake with the dissonance? Perception - correct answer •Process of interpreting and understanding one's environment. Stereotyping - correct answer •Tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which that individual belongs. Sex-role stereotypes - correct answer •Research revealed that men were preferred for male-dominated jobs, women have harder time being perceived as effective leaders. Age stereotypes - correct answer •Inaccurately believing that older workers are less motivated, resistant to change, less trusting, and less healthy (research refuted all of these). Race stereotypes - correct answer •Studies demonstrated that people of color experienced more perceived discrimination and less psychological support than whites. Implicit bias - correct answer •Attitudes or beliefs that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner. how to take steps forward? (implicit bias) - correct answer requiring intergroup contact, positive feedback, clear norms of behavior The recency effect - correct answer •Tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information. Fundamental attribution bias - correct answer •People attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics rather than to situational factors. Self-serving bias - correct answer •People tend to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure. Causal attributions - correct answer •Inferring causes for observed behavior. Self-fulfilling prophecy - correct answer •Is a phenomenon by which people's expectations of themselves or others lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true. Organizational commitment - correct answer •Reflects the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals. Group - correct answer •Defined as (1) two or more freely interacting individuals who (2) share norms, (3) share goals, and (4) have a common identity. Team - correct answer •Small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. Formal group - correct answer •Group assigned by organizations or its managers to accomplish specific goals. Informal group - correct answer •Group formed by people whose overriding purpose is getting together for friendship or a common interest. Work teams: - correct answer •have a clear purpose that all members share, usually permanent, and members must give their complete commitment to the team's purpose in order for the team to succeed. Project teams: - correct answer •assembled to solve a particular problem or complete a specific task, such as brainstorming new marketing ideas for one of the company's products. Cross-functional teams - correct answer •include members from different