AQA GCSE Biology Paper 2: Advanced and Classified Information for Exam Preparations 2024/2025

What are hormones? - Ans .Chemical messengers that travel in the blood to target organs. Compare and Contrast the endocrine (hormone) system and the nervous system. - Ans .Nervous is faster acting than the endocrine system. Hormones have longer lasting effects compared to electrical impulses. Nerves act on a very specific area whereas hormones act more general. What does the thyroid gland do? - Ans .Produces thyroxine which is involved in regulating metabolism. What do the adrenal glands do? - Ans .Produce adrenaline which is used to prepare the body for fight or flight. What is the role of the pancreas? - Ans .Produces glucagon and insulin which are involved in regulating glucose levels in the blood. Name the hormone that is released if blood sugar is too high. - Ans .Insulin What does insulin do? - Ans .It makes the liver convert glucose into glycogen. This causes blood glucose levels to decrease. Name the hormone that is released if blood sugar is too low. - Ans .Glucagon What does glucagon do? HINT GLU-COSE-GONE - Ans .It makes the liver convert glycogen to glucose. This causes the blood glucose level to increase. What is type I diabetes? - Ans .When the pancreas produces little or no insulin. What is type II diabetes? - Ans .When a person becomes resistant to their own insulin. Being overweight can increase your chances of type II diabetes. How can type I diabetes be treated? - Ans .Insulin injections, limiting intake of foods rich is simple carbohydrates e.g. sugars and regular exercise. How can type II diabetes be treated? - Ans .It can be controlled by eating a carbohydrate controlled diet and getting regular exercise. What are the four stages of the menstrual cycle? - Ans .1) Menstruation-the uterus lining breaks down 2) The uterus lining builds up again 3) Ovulation-Around day 14 a egg is released from an ovary. 4) The wall is maintained for about 14 days until day 28. If the egg has not been fertilised and implanted into the uterus lining it breaks down. What is the role of FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) in the menstrual cycle? - Ans .Made in the pituitary gland. Causes a egg to mature in one of the ovaries in a structure called a follicle. Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen. What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle? - Ans .Produced by the ovaries. Causes the lining of the uterus to grow. Stimulates the release of LH (which causes ovulation) and inhibits the release of FSH. What is the role of LH (Luteinising hormone) in the menstrual cycle? - Ans .Produced in the pituitary gland. Stimulates the release of an egg (ovulation) at day 14. What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle? - Ans .Produced by the ovary by the remains of the follicle. Maintains the lining of the uterus. When the level of progesterone falls the lining of the uterus breaks down. Inhibits the release of LH and FSH.