4: Attitudes to Empire - the Role and Influence of Individuals
Explorer - After 7 years of missionary work he had little success and instead turned to exploring. He
David travelled between 1841-56 and was funded to return in 1858. He tried to open a path for
Livingstone commerce and Christianity and was determined to end the slave trade. Explored in
South Africa, the Kalahari Desert, Luanda, Zambezi and tried to discover the source of
the Nile. He discovered Lake Ngami (1849) and Zambezi (later Victoria) Falls (1855). He
wrote 2000 letters about his exploration of the Zambezi river and conducted a series of
celebrated lectures at Cambridge recollecting the geography, minerals, disease,
languages and cultures he had encountered. His book, Missionary Travels and
Researches in South Africa 1857, became an instant bestseller, selling 28 000 copies in the
space of 7 months. He lost contact with Europe for about 6 years and Stanley was sent to
find him. He died in 1873 and quickly became a national hero
Explorer- Had a sense of Christian duty and committed to removing slavery in Africa. Joined
John Kirk Livingstone's Zambezi expedition. Became a medical officer and vice-consul in the
Sultanate of Zanzibar (1868) and lived the rest of his life as a diplomat and eventually
ruled the island. He negotiated the handover from the sultan to the IBEAC. Zanzibar was
of commercial interest to Britain because of its clove and ivory exports. It was wealthy
and home to East Africa's first steam railway. Kirk ensured that Zanzibar acted as Britain's
client state and that the slave trade was eradicated there.
Explorer - Sir Wrote about birth, marriage, death, fetishism, ritual murder, cannibalism, bizarre sexual
Richard practices, pornography, homosexuality and the sexual education of women. He
Burton explored Islamic cities e.g. Mecca as well as Somaliland (1855) and Zanzibar (1857-8). He
explored East Africa with Speke and was the first European to see Lake Tanganyika.
Debated with Speke about the true source of the Nile. Wrote 43 volumes on his
explorations including travel books, 5 on West Africa, 30 volumes of translations including
a 16-volume edition of Arabian Nights and the Kama Sutra and works on Muslim life and
manners. He was not known for religious conviction, nor was he a supporter of British
imperial policy - his motivation was mostly his spirit of adventure
Explorer - Joined Burton on the quest to find the source of the Nile. First European to find Lake
John Speke Victoria which he argued was the source of the Nile - Burton disputed this. The debate
sparked public interest in the area but Speke died in a shooting accident in 1864 the day
before he was due to appear in a public debate. He explored Somaliland; the East
African Coast; Lake Tanganyika; Southern Sudan; Lake Albert and Lake Victoria. He was
important in surveying and mapping these areas. Accounts of his exploration were
published in 1863/64
Explorer - Sir Explored North, East, Central and South Africa, . Made treaties with local chiefs and
Harry bought these agreements to the newly formed British East Africa Company. His work
Johnstone brought a huge amount of land under British control, more than twice the size of Britain
itself- land in Zambia, Rhodesia and central Africa. A clear imperialist and sometimes
worked as an agent for Cecil Rhodes, coining the phrase 'Cape to Cairo'. He believed
British culture was superior and the British right to rule
Explorer - Worked as an agent for Leopold II of Belgium, helping set up his own personal colony in
Henry Morton the Congo - originally intended to established British interests in the area but the Belgians
Stanley moved faster. He went on an expedition in 1869-71 to find Livingstone. He published How
I Found Livingstone in Central Africa. After he found him he joined him to explore the
area around Lake Tanganyika. His work publicised Africa and opened up the Congo
basin for colonisation.
Trader - Cecil Bought diamond mining operations in Kimberly. Annexed territory around the Zambesi
Rhodes river through concessions and treaties which brought a large area of land under British
control. It was called Rhodesia from 1895. He was known to force indigenous tribes out of
their land to make room for industrial development. Invested in fruits growing in the Cape
from the 1880s. Cape Colony PM from 1890-96. He amassed an enormous personal
wealth from diamond mining and created the De Beers Consolidated Mines Company in
1888. Formed The British South Africa Company, which got a charter in 1889. In 1890, he
attained a partnership with the Diamond Syndicate which meant he had a monopoly of
the world's diamonds supply
Trader - Established control in East Africa by founding the IBEAC, granted charter in 1888. He
William founded the British India Steam Navigation Company - a large trading business in the
Mackinnon Indian Ocean. Helped found the Free Church of Scotland East African Scottish Mission in
Kenya
Explorer - After 7 years of missionary work he had little success and instead turned to exploring. He
David travelled between 1841-56 and was funded to return in 1858. He tried to open a path for
Livingstone commerce and Christianity and was determined to end the slave trade. Explored in
South Africa, the Kalahari Desert, Luanda, Zambezi and tried to discover the source of
the Nile. He discovered Lake Ngami (1849) and Zambezi (later Victoria) Falls (1855). He
wrote 2000 letters about his exploration of the Zambezi river and conducted a series of
celebrated lectures at Cambridge recollecting the geography, minerals, disease,
languages and cultures he had encountered. His book, Missionary Travels and
Researches in South Africa 1857, became an instant bestseller, selling 28 000 copies in the
space of 7 months. He lost contact with Europe for about 6 years and Stanley was sent to
find him. He died in 1873 and quickly became a national hero
Explorer- Had a sense of Christian duty and committed to removing slavery in Africa. Joined
John Kirk Livingstone's Zambezi expedition. Became a medical officer and vice-consul in the
Sultanate of Zanzibar (1868) and lived the rest of his life as a diplomat and eventually
ruled the island. He negotiated the handover from the sultan to the IBEAC. Zanzibar was
of commercial interest to Britain because of its clove and ivory exports. It was wealthy
and home to East Africa's first steam railway. Kirk ensured that Zanzibar acted as Britain's
client state and that the slave trade was eradicated there.
Explorer - Sir Wrote about birth, marriage, death, fetishism, ritual murder, cannibalism, bizarre sexual
Richard practices, pornography, homosexuality and the sexual education of women. He
Burton explored Islamic cities e.g. Mecca as well as Somaliland (1855) and Zanzibar (1857-8). He
explored East Africa with Speke and was the first European to see Lake Tanganyika.
Debated with Speke about the true source of the Nile. Wrote 43 volumes on his
explorations including travel books, 5 on West Africa, 30 volumes of translations including
a 16-volume edition of Arabian Nights and the Kama Sutra and works on Muslim life and
manners. He was not known for religious conviction, nor was he a supporter of British
imperial policy - his motivation was mostly his spirit of adventure
Explorer - Joined Burton on the quest to find the source of the Nile. First European to find Lake
John Speke Victoria which he argued was the source of the Nile - Burton disputed this. The debate
sparked public interest in the area but Speke died in a shooting accident in 1864 the day
before he was due to appear in a public debate. He explored Somaliland; the East
African Coast; Lake Tanganyika; Southern Sudan; Lake Albert and Lake Victoria. He was
important in surveying and mapping these areas. Accounts of his exploration were
published in 1863/64
Explorer - Sir Explored North, East, Central and South Africa, . Made treaties with local chiefs and
Harry bought these agreements to the newly formed British East Africa Company. His work
Johnstone brought a huge amount of land under British control, more than twice the size of Britain
itself- land in Zambia, Rhodesia and central Africa. A clear imperialist and sometimes
worked as an agent for Cecil Rhodes, coining the phrase 'Cape to Cairo'. He believed
British culture was superior and the British right to rule
Explorer - Worked as an agent for Leopold II of Belgium, helping set up his own personal colony in
Henry Morton the Congo - originally intended to established British interests in the area but the Belgians
Stanley moved faster. He went on an expedition in 1869-71 to find Livingstone. He published How
I Found Livingstone in Central Africa. After he found him he joined him to explore the
area around Lake Tanganyika. His work publicised Africa and opened up the Congo
basin for colonisation.
Trader - Cecil Bought diamond mining operations in Kimberly. Annexed territory around the Zambesi
Rhodes river through concessions and treaties which brought a large area of land under British
control. It was called Rhodesia from 1895. He was known to force indigenous tribes out of
their land to make room for industrial development. Invested in fruits growing in the Cape
from the 1880s. Cape Colony PM from 1890-96. He amassed an enormous personal
wealth from diamond mining and created the De Beers Consolidated Mines Company in
1888. Formed The British South Africa Company, which got a charter in 1889. In 1890, he
attained a partnership with the Diamond Syndicate which meant he had a monopoly of
the world's diamonds supply
Trader - Established control in East Africa by founding the IBEAC, granted charter in 1888. He
William founded the British India Steam Navigation Company - a large trading business in the
Mackinnon Indian Ocean. Helped found the Free Church of Scotland East African Scottish Mission in
Kenya
