Geography GCSE Paper 2

3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *BROWNFIELD SITE* - answer-Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits some new use. Commonly found across urban areas, particularly in the inner city. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *DERELICTION* - answer-Abandoned buildings and wasteland. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES* - answer-Chances for people to improve their standard of living through employment. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *GREENFIELD SITE* - answer-A plot of land, often in a rural or on the edge of an urban area that has not yet been subject to any building development. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *INEQUALITIES* - answer-Differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in peoples' wellbeing and access to things like jobs, housing and education. Inequalities may occur in housing provision, access to services, access to open land, safety and security. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *INTEGRATED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS* - answer-When different transport methods connect together, making journeys smoother and therefore public transport more appealing. Better integration should result in more demand for public transport and should see people switching from private car use to public modes of transport, which should be more sustainable. It may also lead to a fall in congestion due to less road users. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *MEGA-CITIES* - answer-An urban area with a total population in excess of ten million people. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *MIGRATION* - answer-When people move from one area to another. In many LICS people move from rural to urban areas (rural-urban migration). 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *NATURAL INCREASE* - answer-The birth rate minus the death rate of a population. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *POLLUTION* - answer-The presence of chemicals, noise, dirt or other substances which have harmful or poisonous effects on an environment. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *RURAL-URBAN FRINGE* - answer-A zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use. It is a zone of mixed land uses, from out of town shopping centres and golf courses to farmland and motorways. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *SANITATION* - answer-Measures designed to protect public health, including the provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage and waste. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *SOCIAL DEPRIVATION* - answer-The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income and local employment. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES* - answer-Chances for people to improve their quality of life, for instance access to education and health care. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *SQUATTER SETTLEMENT* - answer-An area of poor-quality housing, lacking in amenities such as water supply, sewerage and electricity, which often develops spontaneously and illegally in a city in an LIC. 3.2.1 ~urban issues~ *SUSTAINABLE URBAN LIVING* - answer-A sustainable city is one in which there is minimal damage to the environment, the economic base is sound with resources allocated fairly and jobs secure, and there is a strong sense of community, with local people involved in decisions made. Sustainable urban living includes several aims