AP Biology: Macromolecules Latest Update Graded A+

AP Biology: Macromolecules Latest Update Graded A+ Active Site A pocket/groove on the surface of a protein on the surface of the protein into which the substrate fits. The substrate is held to this area through weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds or Van der Waals. Allosteric Enzymes Enzymes that can change their shape: one shape is active (reaction occurs) and one is inactive (reaction doesn't occur) Antibodies Bind to particular foreign substances that fit their binding sites Carbohydrates A macromolecule made up of C, H and O, with a 2:1 ratio between the hydrogen and oxygen. Cellulose Made up cell walls of plants, using beta rings Chitin Makes up the exoskeleton of pill bugs; extremely strong, contains nitrogen-containing appendage on each glucose. Structural support for the cell walls of many fungi. Cofactors Non-protein factors, helping the enzyme fit substrates. ex: zinc, iron, copper Competitive Inhibitors Blocks the active site from having a substrate meet. Acts as a feedback mechanism Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction): Covalent bonds which connect monomers have distinct functions: One monomer provides a hydroxyle group and the other provides a hydrogen, creating water (as a biproduct) and a bond between the monomers. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Provides the genetic coding for organisms and directs RNA synthesis: synthesized through dehydration synthesis, connecting the sugar of one nucleotide to another with a strong phosphodiester. Disaccharides Double sugars with 2 rings Enzymes Recognize and bind to specific substrates, facilitating a chemical reaction Enzymes Speeds up the rate of reactions, but are not consumed by the reaction. Lowers the activation energy of a reaction, and makes it easier