ZOO 3603C - Exam 4 Practice Questions With Verified Solutions

ZOO 3603C - Exam 4 Practice Questions With Verified Solutions Evo of Regeneration: what do we mean by regeneration at the molecular level? - answerconstant biochemical turnover, so at this level everything regenerates Evo of Regeneration: what do we mean by regeneration at the cellular level? - answercells are perfect regenerators, constantly replacing cytoplasm. Constantly replacing red blood cells. Evo of Regeneration: why types of tissues can be regenerated? - answervasculature skeletal muscle flexible lungs liver Evo of Regeneration: what type of regeneration does the liver experience? - answercompensatory hypertrophy Evo of Regeneration: what is compensatory hypertrophy with the liver? - answerIf you cut away part of the liver, the rest of the liver expands to make up for it Evo of Regeneration: Example of regeneration in crabs - answercrabs can regenerate legs. If you pull the big claw off, the small claw will become big and it will regenerate a small claw Evo of Regeneration: what is the major regeneration we are referring too? - answergenerally referring to an appendage regenerating Evo of Regeneration: what are the main ideas of how regeneration has been maintained? - answer1) direct selection - adaptive hypothesis 2) pleiotrophy hypothesis 3) phylogenetic inertia hypothesis 4) selection against regeneration 5) regeneration-specific gene 6) regeneration and cancer Evo of Regeneration: what is the direct selection/adaptive hypothesis? - answer-the structure should be frequently lost in the field -absence of structure should be important and replacing it will benefit, without high cost -benefit of replacing lost structure should outweigh cost of regeneration Evo of Regeneration: examples of direct selection/adaptive hypothesis - answerlizard tails ophiuroids - brittle stars Evo of Regeneration: what are the problems with the direct selection/adaptive hypothesis? - answerthere are certain structures that it would not be frequently lost in the field, but still can regenerate good theory - not universal Evo of Regeneration: what is the pleiotrophy hypothesis? - answer-regeneration is tightly coupled with a related phenomenon -e.g. asexual reproduction, growth, embryogenesis Evo of Regeneration: what is the phylogenetic inertia hypothesis? - answerregeneration is retained for historical reasons but should apply to all of the body of the animal NOT A REAL REASON Evo of Regeneration: what is the theory of selection against regeneration? - answer-the reason why regeneration has been lost in higher vertebrates is because there is selection against it -invest in not getting caught (better brains, muscular coordination, rapidly fibrous damage to prevent infections) Evo of Regeneration: what is the theory that involves a regeneration-specific gene? - answer- gain of regenerative ability hypothesis Evo of Regeneration: what is the theory involving regeneration and cancer? - answerregeneration is a trade off against cancer. Tumor suppressor genes induced during regeneration to allow proliferation, so stopping them will stop cancer Evo of Regeneration: what are urodeles? - answerexcellent regenerators extremely low narwal incidence of tumors Evo of Regeneration: what are anurans? - answerworse regenerators, higher incidence of tumors Evo of Regeneration: what are mammals? - answerpoor regenerators, high incidence of tumors Evo of Regeneration: what are the two main types of regeneration? - answer1) physiological regeneration 2) reparative regeneration Evo of Regeneration: what are th