FTCE Elementary Education (K-6)

FTCE Elementary Education (K-6) Phonological Awareness The ability of the reader to recognize the sound of spoken language Phonemic awareness The idea that words are composed of sounds Alphabetic principle Also called graphophonemic awareness; it describes the understanding that written words are composed of patterns of letters that represent the sounds of spoken words Morphology The study of word structure Syntax Refers to the rules or patterned relationships that correctly create phrases and sentences from words Semantics Refers to the meaning expressed when words are arranged in a specific way Pragmatics The difference between the writer's meaning and the literal meaning of the sentence based on social context Decode to change communication signals into messages Encode to change a message into symbols Reading comprehension requires that the reader learn the code in which a message is written and be able to decode it to get the message Fluency in reading depends on automatic word identification Prosody versification of text and involves such matters as which syllable of a word is accented Plot the series of events in a story Setting the place, or location, where a story occurs Theme the underlying message that a writer wants to convey Mood the atmosphere or attitude the writer conveys through descriptive language Topic what a paragraph or story is about Main idea the important idea(s) that the author wants the reader to know about a topic Topic sentence indicates what a passage is about Paragraph a group of sentences about one main idea Restatement of the main idea usually summarizes the concept in a concise manner, and it often presents the same idea from a different perspective Supporting details sentences that provide more information about the topic and the main idea Author's tone attitude reflected in the statement or passage Analysis the systematic exploration of a concept, event, term, piece of writing, element of media, or any other complex item Synthesis examining different concepts and drawing a global conclusion Evaluation drawing conclusions based on judgments Text structure the patterns of textual organization in a piece of writing Emergent literacy a child's speech and language development Structure of the English language consists of rules of grammar, capitalization, and punctuation Allegory A story in verse or prose with characters representing virtues and vices. There are two meanings, symbolic and literal. Ex: John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress Ballad An in medias res story, told or sung, usually in verse and accompanied by music. Include the refrain, and incremental repetition, or anaphora, for effect. Ex: anonymous folk ballads, Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" Drama Plays-comedy, modern, or tragedy-typically in 5 acts. Literary devices include asides, soliloquies, and the chorus representing public opinion. Ex: Shakespeare Epic Long poem usually of book length reflecting values inherent in the generative society. Devices include an invocation to a Muse for inspiration, purpose of writing, universal setting, protagonist and antagonist who possess supernatural strength and acumen, and interventions of a god or gods. Ex: Homer's Odyssey and Iliad, Virgil's Aeneid Epistle A letter that is not always originally intended for public distribution, but due to the fame of the sender and/or recipient, becomes public. Ex: Paul wrote epistles that were later placed in the Bible Essay Typically a limited length prose work focusing on a topic and propounding a definite point of view and authoritative tone. Ex: Carlyle, Lamb, Dequincy, Emerson, etc. Fable Terse tale offering up a moral or exemplum. Ex: Chaucer's "The Nun's Priest's Tale" Legend A traditional narrative or collection of related narratives, popularly regarded as historically factual but actually a mixture of fact and fiction Myth Stories that are more or less universally shared within a culture to explain its history and traditions Novel The longest form of fictional prose containing a variety of characteristics, settings, and regionalism. Most have complex plots, expanded description, and attention to detail. Ex: Austin, Twain, Hugo, Dickens, etc. Poem The only requirement is rhythm. Subgenres include fixed types of literature such as the sonnet, elegy, ode, pastoral, and villanelle. Unfixed types of literature include blank verse and dramatic monologue Romance A highly imaginative tale set in a fantastical realm dealing with the conflicts between heroes, villains, and/or monsters. Ex: Chaucer's "The Knight's Tale" Short Story Typically a terse narrative, with less developmental background about characters than a novel. May include description, author's point of view, and tone. Ex: Hemingway, Poe, Faulkner Children's Literature A genre of its own that emerged as a distinct and independent form in the second half of the eighteenth century. Ex: The Visible World in Pictures by John Amos Comenius Traditional Literature Opens up a world where right wins out over wrong, where hard work and perseverance are rewarded, and where helpless victims find vindication. Children will be introduced to fanciful beings, humans with exaggerated powers, talking animals, and heroes that will inspire them. For younger elementary children, these stories in Big Book format are ideal for providing predictable and repetitive elements that can be grasped by these children. Folktales/Fairy Tales Adventures of animals or humans and the supernatural characterize these stories. The hero is usually on a quest and is aided by other-worldly helpers. More often than not the story focuses on a good and evil and reward and punishment. Ex: The Three Bears, Snow White, etc. Fables Animals that act like humans are featured in these stories, which usually reveal human foibles or sometimes teach a lesson. Ex: Aesop's Fables Myths These stories about events from the earliest times, such as the origin of the world, are considered true in their own societies. Legends These are similar to myths except that they tend to deal with events that happened more recently. Ex: Arthurian legends Tall Tales These are purposely exaggerated accounts of individuals with superhuman strength. Ex: Paul Bunyan, Pecos Bill, etc. Modern Fantasy Many of the themes found in these stories are similar to those in traditional literature. The stories start out based in reality. Helps elementary-grade children develop their senses of imagination. Appeal to ideals of justice and issues having to do with good and evil. Ex: The Borrowers Science Fiction Robots, spacecraft, mystery, and civilizations form other ages often appear in these stories. Most presume advances in science on other planets or in a future time. Ex: A Wrinkle in Time Modern Realistic Fiction These stories are about real problems that real children face. By finding that their hopes and fears are shared by others, young children can find insight into their own problems. Historical Fiction The stories are presented in a historically accurate setting. Ex: Rifles for Watie Biography Reading about inventors, explorers, scientists, political and religious leaders, social reformers, artists, sports figures, doctors, teachers, writers, and war heroes helps children to see that one person can make a difference. They also open new vistas for children to think about when they choose an occupation to fantasize about. Informational Books These are way to learn more about something you are interested in or something that you know nothing about. Ex: Encyclopedias, Polar Wildlife by Kamini Khanduri Imagery a word or sequence of words that refers to any sensory experience; anything that can be seen, tasted, smelled, heard, or felt on the skin or with fingers Symbol an object or action that can be observed with the senses and that suggests other things allusion an implied reference to a person, event, thing, or a part of another text simile direct comparison between two things; Ex: "My love is like a red-red rose." metaphor indirect comparison between two things; the use of a word or phrase denoting one kind of object or action in place of another to suggest a comparison between them. Ex: the chair has "legs" and "arms," although everyone knows that inanimate objects do not have limbs parallelism the arrangement of ideas in phrases, sentences, and paragraphs that balance one element with another of equal importance and similar wording. An example from Francis Bacon's "Of Studies:" "Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man." personification Attributing human characteristics to an inanimate object, an abstract quality, or an animal. John Bunyan exemplified this by writing about characters names Death,