MPH 6011 Midterm Exam Updated Questions and Answers

prevalence formula - (old+new)/total population prevalence - -a slice though the population at a point in time at which we determine who has the disease and who does not -a good measure when a difficult to know when a person became a case point prevalence (snapshot) - frequency of existing disease/ condition at a certain point in time period prevalence - frequency of existing disease during a defined time period prevalence is affected by .... - incidence and duration if the disease has a short duration - prevalence ~=incidence if a disease has a long duration - prevalenceincidence in general... - high incidence results in higher prevalence; longer duration results in higher prevalence surveillance - the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data in a timely manner or other urgent health events -Identify outbreaks or other urgent health events -Informs implementation of control measures -Evaluates implemented public health measures -Monitors progress towards key health indicators -Identifies trends in health outcomes, indicators, and risks (environmental and behavioral) -Suggest topics for future research CDC ArboNET - a passive national arboviral surveillance system managed by CDC and state health departments. maintains data on arboviral infections among presumptive viremic blood donors, veterinary disease cases, mosquitoes, dead birds, and sentinel animals NCI seer (national cancer institute)(surveillance, epidemiology, and end result) - Collects and publishes cancer incidence and survival data from population-based cancer registries covering 34.6% of US population Only comprehensive source of population-based information in the US that includes stage of cancer at the time of diagnosis and patient survival data. Mortality data provided by the National Center for Health Statistics; population data used in calculating rates is obtained periodically from the Census Bureau. Updated annually and provided as a public service to researchers, clinicians, public health officials, legislators, policymakers, community groups, and the public. active surveillance - a system in which project staff make periodic fields visits to health care facilities to identify new cases of a disease or death from the diseases that have occurred sentinel surveillance - Surveillance based on selected population (or clinic) samples chosen to represent the relevant experience of particular groups. Useful in dealing with sensitive issues (HIV) or for the early detection of infections (influence) May include enhanced or more detailed data or types of data (e.g. swabs for ILI). May include the use of animal sentinels to detect circulation of arboviruses serial surveys - Cross-sectional surveys that are routinely conducted challenges/problems with serial survey data - -relies on self report -interviewer bias -no single case definition Healthy People Initiative - Epidemiologic-based 10-year national sets of objectives for improving health Identify national health improvement priorities Increase public awareness of health Provide measurable objectives and goals Engage multiple sectors to take action Identify research, evaluation, and data collection needs healthy people 2020 topic areas - -access to health services -clinical preventive services -environmental quality -injury and prevention -maternal/infant/child health