NURA 1500- Diabetes Mellitus Exam All Possible Questions and Answers with complete solution

How should extra opened insulin be stored? - In a refrigerator O - DM are the leading causes of what? - Adult blindness End-stage kidney disease Nontraumatic lower limb amputations Major contributing factors of DM? - Heart Disease Stroke HTN DM: Etiology & Pathophysiology - Genetic Autoimmune Absent/Insufficient Insulin Poor Utilization of Insulin What is normal insulin metabolism produced by? - B-cells in islets of Langerhans that are continuously released into bloodstream in small increments with larger amounts released after food Normal glucose range: - 70 to 120 mg/dL What percentage of all types of diabetes is type 1? When is type 1 usually diagnosed?What was type 1 formally known as? - 5% of all cases juvenile onset/ insulin dependent Onset in people younger than 30 years Type 1 DM E&P - Autoimmune destruction of B-cells -post virus Total absence of insulin Genetic Predisposition and viral exposure Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) (35-40 yr olds) Onset of Type 1 DM - Autoantibodies are present for months to years before symptoms occur. Manifestation can develop when pancreas can no longer produce insulin-- then rapid onset with ketoacidosis Necessitates insulin- the pt will develop DKA Patient may have temporary remission after initial treatment (honeymoon phase) What is type 2 diabetes formerly known as? What percentage of diabetes in type 2? - Adult-onset (AODM) Non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) 90-95% MOST PREVALENTWhat is the greatest risk factor for developing type 2 DM? - Obesity What increases a person's chance of developing type 2 DM? - Genes Healthy eating/lifestyle Metabolic Syndrome Increases their chance by 10% In type 2 DM, is insulin being produced? - yes, the pancreas does continue to produce some endogenous insulin. It's either insufficient or poorly utilized Four major metabolic abnormalities of type 2: - 1. Insulin Resistance 2. Decreased Insulin production by pancreas 3. Inappropriate hepatic glucose production 4. Altered production of hormones and cytokines by adipose tissue