ATI Med Surg Midterm Exam 2 Study Guide

Age related considerations on the GI system Mouth: Peridontal disease, taste buds decrease, xerostomia Esophagus: decreased tone and motility Abdominal Wall: thinner, decreased receptors Stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas: decreased synthesis and secretions Large intestine, anus, rectum: decreased tone, motility, and transit time Assessment of the GI system Subjective: appetite, dysphagia, food intolerance, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, bowel habits, nutrition assessment - medications - surgery or other treatments Objective: mouth, abdomen, rectum, anus Diagnostic Studies for GI system -Upper gastrointestional series (barium swallow) - Lower gastrointestional series (barium enema) - Cholangiography - MRI - Abdominal ultrasonography - nuclear imaging scan - CT - Virtual colonoscopy - endoscopy - liver biopsy - Liver function studiesendoscopy visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument or capsule Esophageal Disorders - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - Hiatal Hernia - Esophageal cancer GERD Decrease in pressure in the distal portion of the esophagus resulting in gastric content unable to go from an area of high pressure (stomach) to an area of lower pressure (esophagus). Hypoxia A reduction of oxygen supply at the tissue level, which is not measured directly by a lab value - Pts may not indicate signs of hypoxemia Hypoxemia A condition where arterial oxygen tension or partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) is measured to be between 80-100 mmHg. - Pts will also experience hypoxia Respiratory Diagnostic Tests - pulmonary function tests - Arterial blood gases - Sputum tests - chest xray - computed tomography (CT)- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - fluoroscopic studies and angiography - radioisotope procedures (Lung scans) - Bronchoscopy - thoracoscopy - thoracemtesis - biopsies