NBME 31 || with A+ Guaranteed Solutions.

Describe the effects of distal obstructive uropathy on pH, PCo2 and HCO3 correct answers - can cause acute kidney injury via bilateral hydronephrosis - this can increase CK - this volume expansion leads to increase of Renin- angiotension-aldosterone system-- LEADING TO HYPERTENSION -causes problems with acidification of urine-- METABOLIC ACIDOSIS (non anion gap unless uremia) - compensated by respiratory alkalosis and almost normal pH whats normal pCO2 correct answers 33-45 normal acidification of urine correct answers Proximal Tubule: The first step is the reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate (HCO3-) from the glomerular filtrate back into the bloodstream. This process generates hydrogen ions (H+) that are secreted into the tubular lumen. Distal Tubule: In the distal tubule, hydrogen ions (H+) are actively secreted into the tubular lumen through the action of a hydrogen ion pump (H+-ATPase). This process is regulated by the hormone aldosterone. Collecting Duct: The collecting duct plays a crucial role in acid-base regulation. It allows for the final adjustments in urine acidity. Hydrogen ions (H+) can be further secreted into the lumen through intercalated cells, and bicarbonate (HCO3-) can be reabsorbed into the bloodstream. how are testosterone and 17-ketosteroids important when evaluating hirsutism and virulization correct answers 17-ketosteroids are made by the adrenal glands- if this is low/normal then the problem is likely in the ovary - unless they say the person is obese or has ovarian cysts don't choose PCOS-- SERTOLI LEYDIG CELL TUMOUR in week 4 of embryo development the neural tube splits-- describe the prosencephalon correct answers in week 5 it differentiates into the telencephalon (forming cortical hemispheres and lateral ventricles) and diencephalon (forming thalamus and hypothalamus) - if doesn't divide causes HOLOPROSENCEPHALY in week 4 of embryo development the neural tube splits-- describe the rhombencephalon correct answers in week 5 it differentiates into metencephalon and myencephalon - issues of this could cause abnormalities of the brain stem, cerebellum and fourth ventricle. Dandy walker syndrome is associated with malformed cerebellum and 4th ventricle what inheritance pattern is the BRCA2 gene correct answers autosomal dominant