BIO 225 Exam 4 Tara Duck UPDATED EXAM
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
spinal cord - ✔✔✔begins at the foramen magnum
end at L1 and L2
ascending descending
cervical (arms) and lumbosacral enlargements (legs)
reflex center
A thick cord of tissue that starts at the head.
Spinal cord-white mater - ✔✔✔White columns
Dorsal funiculus
Ventral funiculus
lateral funiculus
Spinal cord-nerves - ✔✔✔Dorsal root ganglion
Dorsal root
spinal nerve
ventral root
spinal cord gray matter - ✔✔✔Somatic and visceral sensory and somatic and visceral motor
nuclei (know where these are on figure)
spina bifida - ✔✔✔congenital defect in which one or more vertebrae fail to complete vertebral
arch for enclosure of the spinal cord
Folic acid reduces risk
spinal cord meninges - ✔✔✔dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
sensory areas of cerebral cortex - ✔✔✔General senses and special senses
,General senses of the cerebral cortex - ✔✔✔Pain, temperatures, touch, pressure, and vibration
Proprioception
Special sense of the cerebral cortex - ✔✔✔vision, hearing, taste (gustation), smell(olfactory),
equillibrium(vestibular)
cerebral lateralization - ✔✔✔the division of labor between the two cerebral hemispheres such
that each hemisphere is specialized for particular types of processing
Left-controls language, math, logic (90%)
Right-controls visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic, and musical skills (10%0
decussation - ✔✔✔cross- over
contralateral
relay - ✔✔✔chain of neurons
somatotopy - ✔✔✔spatial representation of body on cortex
symmetry - ✔✔✔pair pathways
what on left is on right
first order (sensory) - ✔✔✔-recieves from the cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors
-extends to spinal cord or medulla
second order (interneuron) - ✔✔✔-cell body to Dorsal horn of spinal cord or medullary nuclei
-extends to thalamus or cerebellum
third order (interneuron) - ✔✔✔-cell body to thalamus
- extends to somatosensory cortex
-not present in cerebellum
,medial leminiscal pathway (ascending) - ✔✔✔-cuneatus fasciculis
-gracilis fascilius
-transmits to somatosensory cortex
-discriminative touch and vibration
cuneatus fasciculus - ✔✔✔diaphagram up
gracilis fasiculus - ✔✔✔diaphragm down
spinothalamic pathway (ascending) - ✔✔✔-transmits to somatosensory cortex
- pain, temp, crude touch, pressure
spinocerebllar tracts (ascending) - ✔✔✔-transmits to cerebellum
- propioception
- coordinates muscles activity
proprioceptions - ✔✔✔balance, body location
ascending - ✔✔✔medial lemiscal pathway
spinothalmic pathway
spinocerebellar tracts
descending - ✔✔✔upper motor
lower motor
direct pathway
indirect pathway
upper motor neuron - ✔✔✔begin in primary motor cortex, in brain stem
, lower motor neuron - ✔✔✔begin in ventral horn
innervate skeletal muscles
direct pathways - ✔✔✔begins in cerebral cortex
indirect pathways - ✔✔✔begins in brainstem
direct - ✔✔✔corticospinal
indirect - ✔✔✔tectospinal
vestibulospinal
rubrospinal
reticulospinal
corticospinal - ✔✔✔fast and fine movements of skeletal muscles
tectospinal - ✔✔✔movement of head in response to stimuli
vestibulospinal - ✔✔✔balance and posture
rubrospinal - ✔✔✔controls flexor muscles
reticulospinal - ✔✔✔visceral motor function balance and posture
anterior association area - ✔✔✔prefrontal cortex
intellect, cognition, recall, personality
posterior association area - ✔✔✔recognizing patterns and areas (auditory, sounds)
wernickes area
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
spinal cord - ✔✔✔begins at the foramen magnum
end at L1 and L2
ascending descending
cervical (arms) and lumbosacral enlargements (legs)
reflex center
A thick cord of tissue that starts at the head.
Spinal cord-white mater - ✔✔✔White columns
Dorsal funiculus
Ventral funiculus
lateral funiculus
Spinal cord-nerves - ✔✔✔Dorsal root ganglion
Dorsal root
spinal nerve
ventral root
spinal cord gray matter - ✔✔✔Somatic and visceral sensory and somatic and visceral motor
nuclei (know where these are on figure)
spina bifida - ✔✔✔congenital defect in which one or more vertebrae fail to complete vertebral
arch for enclosure of the spinal cord
Folic acid reduces risk
spinal cord meninges - ✔✔✔dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
sensory areas of cerebral cortex - ✔✔✔General senses and special senses
,General senses of the cerebral cortex - ✔✔✔Pain, temperatures, touch, pressure, and vibration
Proprioception
Special sense of the cerebral cortex - ✔✔✔vision, hearing, taste (gustation), smell(olfactory),
equillibrium(vestibular)
cerebral lateralization - ✔✔✔the division of labor between the two cerebral hemispheres such
that each hemisphere is specialized for particular types of processing
Left-controls language, math, logic (90%)
Right-controls visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic, and musical skills (10%0
decussation - ✔✔✔cross- over
contralateral
relay - ✔✔✔chain of neurons
somatotopy - ✔✔✔spatial representation of body on cortex
symmetry - ✔✔✔pair pathways
what on left is on right
first order (sensory) - ✔✔✔-recieves from the cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors
-extends to spinal cord or medulla
second order (interneuron) - ✔✔✔-cell body to Dorsal horn of spinal cord or medullary nuclei
-extends to thalamus or cerebellum
third order (interneuron) - ✔✔✔-cell body to thalamus
- extends to somatosensory cortex
-not present in cerebellum
,medial leminiscal pathway (ascending) - ✔✔✔-cuneatus fasciculis
-gracilis fascilius
-transmits to somatosensory cortex
-discriminative touch and vibration
cuneatus fasciculus - ✔✔✔diaphagram up
gracilis fasiculus - ✔✔✔diaphragm down
spinothalamic pathway (ascending) - ✔✔✔-transmits to somatosensory cortex
- pain, temp, crude touch, pressure
spinocerebllar tracts (ascending) - ✔✔✔-transmits to cerebellum
- propioception
- coordinates muscles activity
proprioceptions - ✔✔✔balance, body location
ascending - ✔✔✔medial lemiscal pathway
spinothalmic pathway
spinocerebellar tracts
descending - ✔✔✔upper motor
lower motor
direct pathway
indirect pathway
upper motor neuron - ✔✔✔begin in primary motor cortex, in brain stem
, lower motor neuron - ✔✔✔begin in ventral horn
innervate skeletal muscles
direct pathways - ✔✔✔begins in cerebral cortex
indirect pathways - ✔✔✔begins in brainstem
direct - ✔✔✔corticospinal
indirect - ✔✔✔tectospinal
vestibulospinal
rubrospinal
reticulospinal
corticospinal - ✔✔✔fast and fine movements of skeletal muscles
tectospinal - ✔✔✔movement of head in response to stimuli
vestibulospinal - ✔✔✔balance and posture
rubrospinal - ✔✔✔controls flexor muscles
reticulospinal - ✔✔✔visceral motor function balance and posture
anterior association area - ✔✔✔prefrontal cortex
intellect, cognition, recall, personality
posterior association area - ✔✔✔recognizing patterns and areas (auditory, sounds)
wernickes area
