Hondros 176 Exam 1 Intracranial Regulation and Cognition Questions and Answers 100% Pass

Hondros 176 Exam 1 Intracranial Regulation and Cognition Questions and Answers 100% Pass Skull - Correct Answer ️️ -cranial vault- composed of multiple bones that act as a rigid protective covering for the brain. Within the skull are three compartments: brain (80%), blood (10%), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (10%). Normal intracranial pressure in adult: less than or equal to 15mmHg. 20mmHg sustained is intracranial hypertension. Blood-Brain barrier - Correct Answer ️️ -Unique capillary system which consists of a tight layer of endothelial cells. This makes it difficult for neurotoxic substances to pass into the bruin. Can be compromised secondary to decreased perfusion. Meninges - Correct Answer ️️ -three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid layer, and pia mater. Between arachnoid and pia layer is referred to as subarachnoid space and contains cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - Correct Answer ️️ -Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges. Produced at 20 mL/hr- it is absorbed into the venous system.f Impaired Perfusion of the cranium - Correct Answer ️️ -There must be a consistent flow of blood to the brain; interrupted or reduced blood flow to the brain impairs brain function and can lead to tissue death. Can be impaired by a number of different conditions, such as internal blockage of a vessal, severe hypotension, or loss of vessel integrity attributed to damage or excessive external pressure on vessel that exceeds perfusion pressure. Intracranial hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury. How is glucose regulation interrelated with intracranial regulation? - Correct Answer ️️ -Because the brain cannot store glucose, a constant supply is needed to maintain optimal functioning. Area of the brain that are particularly sensitive to hypoglycemia are the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, an cerebellum. Prolonged hypoglycemia may cause widespread neuronal injury. Hyperglycemia can also cause problems by augmenting brain injury in acute stroke. Hyperglycemia can worsen ischemic damage, increase infarction size, and increase BBB permeability. Causes of cerebral edema - Correct Answer ️️ -Mass lesions- abscess, tumor, hematoma, hemorrhage Head injuries- contusion, hemorrhage, post traumatic brain swelling Infection- meningitis, encephalitis Vascular insult- anoxic/ischemic episode, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, venous sinus thrombosis Toxic/metabolic encephalopathic conditions- lead/arsenic, hepatic encephalopathy, uremia ( high levels of urea in the blood) S/S of increased intracranial pressure (IICP) - Correct Answer ️️ -ICP equal to or above 20mmHg sustained S/S- cranial nerve VI pulsies, papilledema, and periorbital bruising Examples of causes are TBI, ruptured aneurysm, CNS infections, hydroce