//
ATI Med Surg RN 25 final Exam
A nurse is caring for a client who has multiple sclerosis. Which of the following factors
should the nurse anticipate have been identified as contributing to the development of
multiple sclerosis? (Select all that apply.)
A. Genetics
B. Environmental factors
C. Upper respiratory infections
D. Autoimmune factors
E. Urinary tract infections
Answer and Explanation
Choice A:
Genetics play a significant role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). While MS is
not directly inherited, certain genetic markers can increase susceptibility. Studies have
shown that individuals with a first-degree relative with MS have a higher risk compared
to the general population.
Choice B:
Environmental factors, such as low vitamin D levels, smoking, and possibly viral
infections, are believed to contribute to the risk of developing MS. Geographic location,
particularly living further from the equator, has also been associated with a higher
incidence of MS, which may be related to sun exposure and vitamin D synthesis.
Choice C:
While upper respiratory infections can trigger exacerbations in individuals with existing
MS, they are not identified as a direct contributing factor to the development of the
disease itself.
Choice D:
MS is considered an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks
the central nervous system. This immune-mediated process targets the myelin sheath,
leading to inflammation and characteristic lesions.
,Choice E:
Urinary tract infections are a common complication in individuals with MS due to bladder
dysfunction, but they are not a contributing factor to the development of MS.
A nurse observes reddish-purple spots and areas of purple bruising on a newly admited
patient. Which laboratory results support this assessment finding?
A. INR 0.9
B. Hematocrit 28%
C. WBC 4500
D. Platelets 60000
Answer and Explanation
Choice A:
An INR of 0.9 is within the normal range (0.8-1.2) and does not support the presence of
bruising or bleeding disorders.
Choice B:
A hematocrit level of 28% is below the normal range (36%-50% for women, 40%-54% for
men), indicating anemia, but it does not directly explain bruising or petechiae.
Choice C:
A WBC count of 4500 is within the normal range (4500-11000), suggesting that there is no
active infection or leukocytosis that would explain the bruising.
Choice D:
A platelet count of 60000 is below the normal range (150000-450000), which can lead to
easy bruising and petechiae, supporting the nurse's observation.
, What diagnostic test can be used to determine GFR as well as glomerular damage?
A. Renal biopsy
B. Routine urinalysis
C. Renal scan
D. Creatinine clearance
Answer and Explanation
Choice A:
A renal biopsy is an invasive procedure that can directly assess the extent of glomerular
damage and is considered the gold standard for diagnosing the cause of abnormal GFR.
Choice B:
Routine urinalysis can detect abnormalities in the urine but cannot quantify GFR or
directly assess glomerular damage.
Choice C:
A renal scan can evaluate renal perfusion and function but is less specific for glomerular
damage compared to a biopsy.
Choice D:
Creatinine clearance can estimate GFR but does not provide information on the specific
cause of glomerular damage.
ATI Med Surg RN 25 final Exam
A nurse is caring for a client who has multiple sclerosis. Which of the following factors
should the nurse anticipate have been identified as contributing to the development of
multiple sclerosis? (Select all that apply.)
A. Genetics
B. Environmental factors
C. Upper respiratory infections
D. Autoimmune factors
E. Urinary tract infections
Answer and Explanation
Choice A:
Genetics play a significant role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). While MS is
not directly inherited, certain genetic markers can increase susceptibility. Studies have
shown that individuals with a first-degree relative with MS have a higher risk compared
to the general population.
Choice B:
Environmental factors, such as low vitamin D levels, smoking, and possibly viral
infections, are believed to contribute to the risk of developing MS. Geographic location,
particularly living further from the equator, has also been associated with a higher
incidence of MS, which may be related to sun exposure and vitamin D synthesis.
Choice C:
While upper respiratory infections can trigger exacerbations in individuals with existing
MS, they are not identified as a direct contributing factor to the development of the
disease itself.
Choice D:
MS is considered an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks
the central nervous system. This immune-mediated process targets the myelin sheath,
leading to inflammation and characteristic lesions.
,Choice E:
Urinary tract infections are a common complication in individuals with MS due to bladder
dysfunction, but they are not a contributing factor to the development of MS.
A nurse observes reddish-purple spots and areas of purple bruising on a newly admited
patient. Which laboratory results support this assessment finding?
A. INR 0.9
B. Hematocrit 28%
C. WBC 4500
D. Platelets 60000
Answer and Explanation
Choice A:
An INR of 0.9 is within the normal range (0.8-1.2) and does not support the presence of
bruising or bleeding disorders.
Choice B:
A hematocrit level of 28% is below the normal range (36%-50% for women, 40%-54% for
men), indicating anemia, but it does not directly explain bruising or petechiae.
Choice C:
A WBC count of 4500 is within the normal range (4500-11000), suggesting that there is no
active infection or leukocytosis that would explain the bruising.
Choice D:
A platelet count of 60000 is below the normal range (150000-450000), which can lead to
easy bruising and petechiae, supporting the nurse's observation.
, What diagnostic test can be used to determine GFR as well as glomerular damage?
A. Renal biopsy
B. Routine urinalysis
C. Renal scan
D. Creatinine clearance
Answer and Explanation
Choice A:
A renal biopsy is an invasive procedure that can directly assess the extent of glomerular
damage and is considered the gold standard for diagnosing the cause of abnormal GFR.
Choice B:
Routine urinalysis can detect abnormalities in the urine but cannot quantify GFR or
directly assess glomerular damage.
Choice C:
A renal scan can evaluate renal perfusion and function but is less specific for glomerular
damage compared to a biopsy.
Choice D:
Creatinine clearance can estimate GFR but does not provide information on the specific
cause of glomerular damage.
