psychology 2301 chapter 5 Questions And Answers With Latest Study Quiz

learning - enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences habituation - An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it stimulus - something that causes a response classical conditioning - ivan pavlov. process in which an originally neutral stimulus, by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response neutral stimulus - a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response unconditioned stimulus - a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. unconditioned response - unlearned or involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus - an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. conditioned response - the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus acquisition - initial learning phase in both classical and operant conditioning stimulus generalization - The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned lus discrimination - Process by which an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other stimuli extinction - the decrease in response resulting from repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus. spontaneous recovery - recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period higher order conditioning - adding another NS to the normal conditioning and teaching the dog to salivate to that (ex: flash of light) conditioned taste aversion - development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association. adaptive value - any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions biological preparedness - referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning conditioned emotional response - an emotional response that has been acquired by conditioning watson and rayner - little albert. rat and banging sound operant conditioning - Skinner. a type of associative learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior thorndike - cats. puzzle of effect - Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely reinforcers - consequences immediately following a behavior, which increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated behaviorism - study of observable behavior shaping - an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. successive approximations - small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior instinctive drift - tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns positive reinforcement - adding desirable rewards to increase behavior negative reinforcement - taking away unwanted stimulus to increase behavior