ZOOL 2403 Texas Tech University- Boros EXAM 1 full solved & updated

Anatomy - answer-Describes the structure of the body. Sturcture - answer-Structure determines function Atoms - answer--the smallest chemical units -ex. hydrogen (H), oxygen(O) Molecules - answer-- groups of molecules working together -Ex. Mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum Cells - answer-Groups of organelles working together and surrounded by a cell membrane. Tissue - answer--group of cells working together to perform a SPECIFIC task. Microscopic Anatomy - answer-Examines - Cells -Tissues Cytology- - answer-Examines Cells Histology - answer-Examines tissues Gross anatomy - answer-Examines large, visible organs and organ systems: -systematic anatomy -regional anatomy -surface anatomy Anatomical position - answer-Standard anatomical reference for human form. Hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward , and the feet are together. Cephalic/Head - answer--Cranial/ skull -Facial/ face Neck - answer--Cervical Trunk - answer--Thorax -Abdomen -Pelvis Back - answer--buttocks Upper limbs - answer--Arms -Forearms -Wrist and Hands Lower limbs - answer--Thighs -Legs -Ankles and feet Supine - answer--lying down, face up -also known as dead mans pose Prone - answer-- lying down, face down Frontal - answer-Forehead Nasal - answer-Nose Otic - answer-Ear Thoracic - answer-Chest Abdominal - answer-Abdomen Pelvic - answer-Pelvis Manual - answer-Hand Inguinal - answer-Groin Pubic - answer-pubis Femoral - answer-Thigh Pedal - answer-Foot Hallux - answer-Great toe Digits (Phalanges) - answer-or toes Tarsals - answer-ankle Crural - answer-leg Patellar - answer-Kneecap Digits (phalanges) - answer-Fingers Pollex - answer-Thumb Palmar - answer-Hand Carpal - answer-Wrist Antebrachial - answer-Forearm Antecubital - answer-Front of elbow Branchial - answer-Arm Axillary - answer-Armpit Oral - answer-Mouth Mental - answer-Chin Plantar - answer-Sole of Foot Calcaneal - answer-Heel of foot Sural - answer-Calf Popliteal - answer-Back of knee Gluteal - answer-Buttocks Lumbar - answer-Loin Olecranal - answer-Back of elbow Acromial - answer-Shoulder Dorsal - answer-Back Proximal - answer-Toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk. The Shoulder is proximal to the wrist. Distal - answer-Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk. The fingers are distal to the wrist. Medial - answer-Toward the midline Lateral - answer-Away from the midline Posterior or Dorsal - answer-The back surface. Anterior or Ventral - answer-The front surface Caudal - answer-Toward the tail. ( Coccyx in humans ) Superior - answer-Above, at a higher level, in human body, toward the head. Inferior - answer-Below, at a lower level; toward the feet. Superficial - answer-At, near, or relatively close to the body surface. Deep - answer-Toward the interior of the body: Further from the surface Two components of the Skeletal system - answer-Axial skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Primary functions of the axial skeleton - answer-1) Supports body (organs) 2) Protects the organs 3) Attaches to skeletal muscle The Axial Skeleton - answer-The Skull The vertebral column The Thoracic Cage Two Groups of Skull Bones - answer-Cranial and Facial bones Cranial bones - answer-Function: Protect the brain Facial bones - answer-Function: To protect entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts The 6 cranial bones - answer-Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Process - answer-Projection Foramen - answer-Hole Mastoid - answer-Breast like Styloid - answer-Pillar like Magnum - answer-Large 4 Primary Facial bones - answer-1) Maxilla 2) Mandible 3) Nasal 4) Zygomatic The TemporoMandibular Joint - answer-The Mandible is the only moveable bone of the skull. Also there is the TMJ syndrome. Crista galli - answer-Roosters crest Maxilla - answer-Cheek Mandible - answer-To chew Hyoid bone - answer-Function Attachment site for skeletal muscles associates with the larynx (voice box) and the pharynx( throat) This bone is the only one that does not articulate with other bones. The Vertebral Column Has 5 regions - answer-1) Cervical (7 vertebrae) secondary structure 2) Thoracic (12 vertebrae) Primary structure 3) Lumbar (5 vertebrae ) Secondary structure 4) Sacral ( 5 fused vertebrae) 5) Coccygeal ( 3-5 fused vertebrae) Cervical - answer-Neck Thoracic - answer-Chest The Functions of the Vertebral Column - answer--Protects the spinal cord -supports the head and body -attaches to skeletal muscles of the back also the spinal cord runs through it Components of the vertebrae - answer-body- carries the weight of the axial skeleton arch- has 2 pedicles(little foot) and 2 laminae (layer) vertebral foramen- hole between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch, that surrounds and protects the spinal cord. Transverse process- muscle and ligament attachment sites Spinous Process- Muscle and ligament attachment sites Cervical vertebrae (Transverse foramen) - answer-Are Unique to cervical vertebrae protects a blood vessel traveling from the thorax to the brain Small oval body Triangular vertebral foramen Thoracic vertebra Characteristics - answer--Long slender -Spinous process -heart body shaped -small round vertebral foramen - costal articular Facets-which articulate with the ribs Lumbar vertebrae Characteristics - answer-Short, Thick, blunt, spinous process -Largest vertebrae -thick, large oval shaped body - triangular vertebral foramen The sacrum - answer-function: protects organs The sacrum is more curves in males than in females (because of external reproductive organs ) The coccyx (tail bone) - answer--attached ligaments and muscles of the anus -- control defecation Components of the Thoracic cage - answer-Consist -sternum(breastbone) __ Jugular notch __ Manubrium __ Sternal angle __ Body __ Xiphoid process (sword) Functions of the Thoracic Cage - answer-Protects the heart and lungs Attaches to the skeletal muscles Appendicular Skeleton - answer-Includes all bones besides the axial skeleton : 1)The girdle - Pectoral - Pelvic 2) The limbs -Upper -Lower Two components of the pectoral girdle - answer-composed of the clavicle: collar bone scapula: shoulder blade Functions- connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton at the Sterno-clavicular Joint Scapula - answer-fossa-depression coracoid-raven acromion-point glenoid - socket 4 upper limb components proximal to distal - answer-Arm -proximal to elbow Forearm -distal to elbow