Maryville NUR 611 Patho Exam 3 | 100% Correct | Verified | 2024 Version

Explain the pathophysiology associate with Type 1 and Type 2 DM. DM 1 - Is the result of an autoimmune mediated specific loss of beta cells in the pancreatic islet. One of the basic patho of type 2 DM is the development of insulin resistant tissue cells. Explain what occurs in panhypopituitarism - Panhypopituitarism is the term correctly associated with the lack of all anterior pituitary hormones. List the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism - The individual develops a low basal metabolic rate, cold intolerance, lethargy, tiredness, and slightly lower basal body temperature. Differentiate diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus and SIADH - DM: is not a single disease but a group of clinical heterogeneous disorders that have glucose intolerance in common. DI: is an insufficiency of ADH, leading to polyuria and polydipsia. SIADH: is characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal physiologic stimuli for its release. The symptom common to all these conditions is thirst. What causes the microvascular complications of DM - Microvascular complications are a result of capillary basement membranes thickening and endothelial cell hyperplasia. What is the cause of diabetes insipidus - Inability of the kidney to increase permeability of water. This causes excretions of large volumes of dilute urine, leading to increase in plasma osmolality. Describe the pathophysiological changes associated with Addison's disease - Addison disease is a result of hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones. Describe the pathophysiological changes associated with hypoparathyroidism - The most common cause of hyperparathyroidism is damage caused during thyroid surgery. In hypothyroidism a lack of circulating PTH causes a depressed serum calcium level resulting in the symptomatology mentioned in the stem.What are the causes and pathophysiological changes associate with ketoacidosis? - In a state of relative insulin deficiency there is an increase in insulin counter regulating hormones including catecholamine's, cortisol, glucagon, and GH. Catecholamine's, cortisol, glucagon and GH antagonize insulin by increasing glucose production. In addition, these hormones decrease use of glucose. Profound insulin deficiency results in decrease glucose uptake, increase fat mobilization with release if fatty acids, and accelerated gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. Ordinarily, ketones are used by tissues as an energy source to regenerate bicarbonate. Hyperkalemia is a result of a compensatory mechanism directed at eliminating metabolic acidosis. What is acromegaly? - Acromegaly is a term for adults who have been exposed to continuously high levels of GH, whereas the term gigantism is reserved for children and adolescents. Differentiate hypothyroidism and Graves' disease - One of the cause's hypothyroidism is a deficiency of endemic iodine. Hypothyroidism are the lower levels of thyroid hormone, without the negative feedback of TH in the pituitary, there is an increase secretion of TSH that may lead to goiter. As a result in decreased energy metabolism resulting in constipation, regulatory mechanisms are overridden by abnormal immunologic mechan