NLN-PAX Science
Cell - ANSthe smallest living unit and the basic unit of function and structure for all living things.
Nucleus - ANScontains the genetic information, or DNA, and controls the activities of the cell.
Plasma (cell) membrane - ANSseparates the contents of the cell from the surrounding fluid
(interstitial fluid)
Semipermeable membrane - ANSrefers to the selective nature of the plasma membrane. It
contains pores and channels that allow only particles of the right size or the right chemical
nature to pass through.
Interstitial fluide - ANScontains substances such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, hormones,
neurotransmitters, and salts.
Cytoplasm - ANSis the fluid matrix found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus that
acts as scaffolding for the organelles.
Organelles - ANS(little organs) are specialized units in the cell that per form certain functions.
Mitochondria - ANSare the locations for cellular respiration, that is, the conversion of food to
energy at the cellular level. The site of energy production and of most of its ATP.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - ANSthe chemical the cell uses to store and transfer energy
within itself.
Ribosomes - ANSare the sites of protein synthesis in the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - ANSRibosomes are attached. Serves as a means for transport
within the cell and is made up of many channels. Rough endoplasmic reticulum named for the
fact that it has ribosomes on its surface, serves to store and deliver the proteins made by the
attached ribosomes. Smooth ER is free of ribosomes it performs varying functions in different
cells, including the storage of enzymes and minerals and the folding of proteins, among other
things. It is thought to be involved in the detoxification of chemicals and the metabolism of fats.
Golgi complex - ANSmodifies and packages proteins destined for use in the cell or for export
from the cell.
Lysosomes - ANSare sacs that contain strong digestive enzymes. These sacs are responsible
for digesting cell structures that are no longer living or that are malfunctioning, and for digesting
waste.
,Cell wall - ANSOnly plant cells have them. It is responsible for the protection of the cell, the
maintenance of the shape, and water balance.
Chloroplasts - ANScontain chlorophyll, which is necessary for photosynthesis.
Vacuoles - ANSplant cells also often large ones. Which are compartments in the cytoplasm that
act as places for secretion, excretion, and storage.
Chromatin - ANSDNA is in this loosely structured form when it is not dividing
Chromosomes - ANSDNA is seen in condensed rod-shaped bodies when the cell is dividing
Mitosis - ANSWhen cells divide, the appropriate amount of genetic material must be passed on
to the new, or so-called daughter, cells. In somatic (non reproductive) cells, the new cells are
identical copies of the parent cells. This is achieved by a doubling of the chromosomes prior to
division. It is useful in the growth and repair of our bodies.
Zygote - ANSthe cell created by the union of a sperm and egg contains a full set of
chromosomes, half from each parent.
Meiosis - ANSAnother type of division takes place in the production of gametes. It contains half
of the normal number of chromosomes. It consists first of doubling of chromosomes and then
two subsequent divisions. Thus the products are four daughter cells, each with half the normal
number of chromosomes.
Muscle tissue - ANSskeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Epithelial tissue - ANSskin, the lining of organs
Nervous tissue - ANSneurons
Connective tissue - ANScartilage, blood, fat, bone
Organ - ANSperforms a specialized function in the body.
Organ system - ANSmade up of a number of organs working together to carry out a major
function.
Organism - ANSthe highest level of organization such as the human body
Evolution - ANSis a theory regarding the processes that have produced the biological diversity
we see today.
, Natural selection - ANSthe process by which the traits that promote or enhance an organism's
ability to survive and reproduce are passed on to following generations.
Adaptation - ANSFor natural selection to occur, organisms must have variations, some of which
give the individuals having them an advantage in the struggle for survival. The struggle for
survival occurs because each generation of a species produces more offspring than can
survive. In this struggle, the individuals best suited to their environment survive ("survival of the
fittest") and pass on the traits to their offspring
Fossil record - ANSconsists of remnants or traces of organisms from past geologic ages.
Vertebrates - ANSanimals with backbones
Biogeography - ANSthe geographical distribution of plants and animals
Comparative anatomy - ANSthe comparison of organisms' structures
Comparative embryology - ANSthe comparison of organisms' embryos
Molecular biology - ANSbiology at the molecular level
Taxonomy - ANSthe study of scientific classification. Species are grouped according to their
similarities and differences.
King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Kingdom - ANSanimal, plant, monera, protist, and fungi
Monera - ANSBacteria
Protist - ANSProtozoa, algae, and some molds
Fungi - ANSMolds, muchrooms, yeasts, and the like
Active transport - ANSinvolves the use of energy in the form of ATP to move substances across
the membrane
Passive transport - ANSdoes not require energy and makes use of didffusion and filtration
Diffusion - ANSparticles move in a random manner, spreading evenly throughout an available
space and moving from regions of high concentration to those of low concentration.
Cell - ANSthe smallest living unit and the basic unit of function and structure for all living things.
Nucleus - ANScontains the genetic information, or DNA, and controls the activities of the cell.
Plasma (cell) membrane - ANSseparates the contents of the cell from the surrounding fluid
(interstitial fluid)
Semipermeable membrane - ANSrefers to the selective nature of the plasma membrane. It
contains pores and channels that allow only particles of the right size or the right chemical
nature to pass through.
Interstitial fluide - ANScontains substances such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, hormones,
neurotransmitters, and salts.
Cytoplasm - ANSis the fluid matrix found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus that
acts as scaffolding for the organelles.
Organelles - ANS(little organs) are specialized units in the cell that per form certain functions.
Mitochondria - ANSare the locations for cellular respiration, that is, the conversion of food to
energy at the cellular level. The site of energy production and of most of its ATP.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - ANSthe chemical the cell uses to store and transfer energy
within itself.
Ribosomes - ANSare the sites of protein synthesis in the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - ANSRibosomes are attached. Serves as a means for transport
within the cell and is made up of many channels. Rough endoplasmic reticulum named for the
fact that it has ribosomes on its surface, serves to store and deliver the proteins made by the
attached ribosomes. Smooth ER is free of ribosomes it performs varying functions in different
cells, including the storage of enzymes and minerals and the folding of proteins, among other
things. It is thought to be involved in the detoxification of chemicals and the metabolism of fats.
Golgi complex - ANSmodifies and packages proteins destined for use in the cell or for export
from the cell.
Lysosomes - ANSare sacs that contain strong digestive enzymes. These sacs are responsible
for digesting cell structures that are no longer living or that are malfunctioning, and for digesting
waste.
,Cell wall - ANSOnly plant cells have them. It is responsible for the protection of the cell, the
maintenance of the shape, and water balance.
Chloroplasts - ANScontain chlorophyll, which is necessary for photosynthesis.
Vacuoles - ANSplant cells also often large ones. Which are compartments in the cytoplasm that
act as places for secretion, excretion, and storage.
Chromatin - ANSDNA is in this loosely structured form when it is not dividing
Chromosomes - ANSDNA is seen in condensed rod-shaped bodies when the cell is dividing
Mitosis - ANSWhen cells divide, the appropriate amount of genetic material must be passed on
to the new, or so-called daughter, cells. In somatic (non reproductive) cells, the new cells are
identical copies of the parent cells. This is achieved by a doubling of the chromosomes prior to
division. It is useful in the growth and repair of our bodies.
Zygote - ANSthe cell created by the union of a sperm and egg contains a full set of
chromosomes, half from each parent.
Meiosis - ANSAnother type of division takes place in the production of gametes. It contains half
of the normal number of chromosomes. It consists first of doubling of chromosomes and then
two subsequent divisions. Thus the products are four daughter cells, each with half the normal
number of chromosomes.
Muscle tissue - ANSskeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Epithelial tissue - ANSskin, the lining of organs
Nervous tissue - ANSneurons
Connective tissue - ANScartilage, blood, fat, bone
Organ - ANSperforms a specialized function in the body.
Organ system - ANSmade up of a number of organs working together to carry out a major
function.
Organism - ANSthe highest level of organization such as the human body
Evolution - ANSis a theory regarding the processes that have produced the biological diversity
we see today.
, Natural selection - ANSthe process by which the traits that promote or enhance an organism's
ability to survive and reproduce are passed on to following generations.
Adaptation - ANSFor natural selection to occur, organisms must have variations, some of which
give the individuals having them an advantage in the struggle for survival. The struggle for
survival occurs because each generation of a species produces more offspring than can
survive. In this struggle, the individuals best suited to their environment survive ("survival of the
fittest") and pass on the traits to their offspring
Fossil record - ANSconsists of remnants or traces of organisms from past geologic ages.
Vertebrates - ANSanimals with backbones
Biogeography - ANSthe geographical distribution of plants and animals
Comparative anatomy - ANSthe comparison of organisms' structures
Comparative embryology - ANSthe comparison of organisms' embryos
Molecular biology - ANSbiology at the molecular level
Taxonomy - ANSthe study of scientific classification. Species are grouped according to their
similarities and differences.
King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Kingdom - ANSanimal, plant, monera, protist, and fungi
Monera - ANSBacteria
Protist - ANSProtozoa, algae, and some molds
Fungi - ANSMolds, muchrooms, yeasts, and the like
Active transport - ANSinvolves the use of energy in the form of ATP to move substances across
the membrane
Passive transport - ANSdoes not require energy and makes use of didffusion and filtration
Diffusion - ANSparticles move in a random manner, spreading evenly throughout an available
space and moving from regions of high concentration to those of low concentration.
