Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5315 Test 2

Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5315 Test 2 natural immunity immunity that we are born with Natural Immunity barriers skin, mucus membrane, natural killer cells, protein What protiens are associated with our natural immunity barriers? Cytokines and complements Phagocytic cells Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells Neutraphils Associated with acute inflammation macrophages cells formed from monocytes that leave the blood stream Dendritic cells engulfs antigens in the epithelial, gi trac, and respiratory tract Antigen Presenting cells (APC) dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells What do the antigen presenting cells do? engulf antigens and present fragments of antigens to T cells for recognition Complement cells form membrane attack complex and are able to lyse pathogen membranes acquired immunity Immunity that is present only after exposure and is specific. Which immunity type is vaccinations based on? acquired immunity passive aquired immunity antibodies are given to a recipient to provide immunity What type of immunity is used to treat rabies, tetanus, hepatitis, and snake bites? Passive immunity how long does passive immunity last? 2 weeks humoral immunity B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity What type of immunity takes care of viral infections, toxin induced disease, and disease caused by pneumococci, meningococci, haemophilus? Humoral Immunity cell-mediated immunity T- Cells What does cell mediated immunity help protect against? cancer, fungus, parasites, tumors, is responsible for organ transplant rejection What organs are involved in the immune system response? bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, peyer patches Bone marrow responsible for production of immune cells & maturation of B cells Thymus site where t cells differentiate, mature and select. spleen lymphoid organ; red pulp is where RBCs are stored and turned over. White pulp is where immune cells interact What type of infection is a person with their spleen affected more suspectable to? streptococcal bacteria T cell differentiation cells express antigens on cell membrane called "cluster of differentiation" or CD CD4 cells are also known as T helper cells how do the CD4 help initiate the immune response? Cells release lymphokines What are the two subgroups of CD4 cells? TH1 and TH2 Cd8 cells cytotxic t-cells or killer Ts, T8 cells How do CD8 cells function they kill virus infected cells, tumor cells, allograft cells (transplant tissue) through release of cytotoxic chemicals that destroy the cell membrane Memory T Cells Remember antigen and quickly stimulate immune response on reexposure T regulatory cells regulate the immune response to avoid attacking "self" Activation of T cells Antigen enters host- Macrophage then engulfs antigen-- antigen expressed on the MHC class II- it secretes IL 1 in order to attract CD4 cells- CD4 differentiates into th1 and th2- th1 releases IL2- acivated cytotoxic t cells (TC)- TC receptor connects with MHC class I receptor on invader- cytotixic chenicals relseased- invader killed- TH2 releases IL4- activates the humoral immune system Humoral immune response The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids. IgG Most prominent immunoglobulin; primary antibody in the secondary immune response; only immune globulin that crosses the placenta What does IgG bind to viruses, bacteria, and toxins IgE Binds to mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils IgE is involved in parasite immunity and allergies IgM main immune globulin produced early in immune response A high level of what immune globulin indicates recent infection? IgM IgA main immune globulin in secretions and mucous membranes How does IgA work? prevents attachment of microorganisms to the mucous membranes IgD Immunoglobulin found on the surface of B- Lymphocytes; signals B- Cell activation Humoral immunity is mediated by: B cells what stimulates the release of IL4? B-cells B cells differentiate into what cells in order to produce antibodies and what type of b cells? plasma cells; memory b cells antigen-antibody complex the complex formed when an antibody binds to an antigen. Memory B cells secondary immune response; remembers antigens primary immune response response within 5-7 days; rise of IgM antibodies and later IgG antibodies Which antibodies are responsible for creating long lasting immunity? IgG Chicken pox is a good example of what principle of immunity? Primary immune response with IgM for first exposure to the virus; later in lifea secondary immune response via IgG will cause shingles what immunoglobulins are a fetus unable to produce? IgA During the last trimester of pregnancy, what type of immunoglobulins does the infant produce for the immune system? IgM After the age of 60, what type of immune cell has decreased activity? T cell Type 1 immune response immediate hypersensitivity to an environmental allergen What allergens are related to a type 1 immune response food, medication, pollen what term is used to denote type 1 hypersensitivity? allergy What immunoglobulin is the first antibody in an immune response? IgE when it binds to the allergen when the IgE binds to the allergen, in a secondary immune response, It creates the antigen- IgE complex. What cell of the immune system detects it and begins to degranulate mast cells When the antigen IgE complex begins to degranulate, it releases what in order to trigger the inflammatory cascade? histamine clinical manifestations of type 1 hypersensitivity depend on what? the route that the allergen entered the body environmental allergies asthma exacerbation, food allergies, drug allergies, animal and insect venom allergies Angioedema swelling of the lips, eyes, and larynx anaphylaxis itching, hives, angioedema, n.v.d, abdominal cramps, wheezing, dyspnea, laryngeal edema, hypotension, shock, death Atopic disorders related to type 1 reaction fever, asthma, eczema, urticaria Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE; chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs SLE clinical manifestations - Facial rash (BUTTERFLY RASH in 80%), arthritis, arthralgie, photsensitivty, pleurisy, pericarditis, anemia, thrombocytopenia - Fatigue, alopecia, Reynaud's syndrome, renal disorders/damage, seizures, cognitive/neuropsych, mouth/nose ulcers Rheumatoid arthritis a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked; 1%-2% of adults; more common in women Disorder of the IgM autoantibodies that are formed against igG antibodies RA RA clinical manifestations Mild to debilitating Symmetrical joints Pain, stiffness Redness, heat, swelling Decreased mobility What gene disorder is related to RA HLA- DRB1 gene Alloimmunity Immune reaction to tissues of another individual; ABO incompatibility Rh incompatibility Four stages of infectious process 1. Incubation period 2. Prodromal stage 3. Illness stage 4. Convalescence incubation phase of disease when pathogen begins to replicate; no clinical manifestations Prodromal Stage initial appearance of clinical manifestations; mild in nature convalescent period recovery from the infection; resolution of CM Cocci bacteria appearance round/ spherical shape Strep/ staph Bacilli appearence rod shape; E. Coli Spirochetes appearence helical shape; treponema pallidum (syphilis)