NR 511 Midterm exam 100% questions and correct answers verified{2023/2024

What are common causes of N/V associated with gastritis? - answer Alcohol, NSAIDs, ASA, ABX, and illicit substances What is the most common cause of nausea and vomiting? - answer Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) What are some manifestations of AGE? - answer Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain. May also include fatigue, malaise, anorexia, tenesmus and borborygmus. How is the severity of AGE gauged? - answer Dehydration secondary to profuse watery diarrhea, fever greater than 101ºF (38.3ºC), vomiting, or dysentery. What are important parts of a patient's history when AGE is suspected? - answer Travel, dining locations, ABX history.. What happens to the pH of the stomach when antacids are taken and how does this affect bacteria? - answer High pH can make it easier for bacteria to survive and cause and infection. How does motility of the GI tract affect bacteria colonization? - answer Small bowel stasis as a result of obstruction, diverticulitis, or blind loop syndrome frequently develop an overgrowth of bacteria within the stagnant segment. Which immunoglobulin may protect the GI tract against invading organisms? - answer IgA...may also help protect against a future attack by the same pathogen. Onset of N/V begin within 6 hours after exposure. Is this bacterial or viral? - answer Bacterial: time frame suggests food poisoning resulting from the ingestion of a preformed toxin such as that of Bacillus cereus. What two indications are highly suggestive of viral AGE? - answer Incubation periods greater than 14 hours and the initial symptom of vomiting. If a patient presents with AGE and reports bloody stools, what can be understood about the reason for blood in the stool/ - answer Mucosal damage and inflammatory process secondary to invasive pathogens. What do frothy stools and flatus suggest? - answer Malabsorption problem. Patients with prolonged AGE illness who are malnourished may present with edema. What is the reason? - answer Hypoalbuminemia T or F: Chronic diarrhea usually has a noninfectious etiology. - answer True T or F: Acute diarrhea usually is caused by infectious agents or toxins - answer True What is the most common viral pathogen causing AGE in adults? - answer Norovirus What is the most common viral pathogen causing AGE in pediatrics? - answer Rotavirus. This has been greatly reduced since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine. T or F: Stool studies are indicated in the absence of bloody diarrhea or systemic disease - answer False T or F: A CBC will help distinguish between viral and bacterial AGE - answer False When are stool studies warranted? - answer Severe or prolonged diarrhea, a fever 38.5ºC, bloody stools or stools that test positive for leukocytes or occult blood. What are common pathogens involved in Traveler's Diarrhea? - answer Shigella, Campylobacter, and E. coli. What should the clinician do if the patient develops diarrhea after initiation of completion of antibiotic therapy? - answer Test for C. diff. What are some DDx of AGE, particularly in patients with persistent or chronic diarrhea and severe abdominal pain? - answer IBS, IBD, ischemic bowel disease, partial bowel obstruction, small bowel diverticulosis. What are some red flag symptoms that may indicate the need for hospitalization? - answer Hypovolemia, dehydration, abnormal electrolytes, decreased renal function, bloody stool/rectal bleeding, weight loss, severe abdominal pain, prolonged symptoms greater than 1 week, pregnancy, advanced age, history of hospitalization or antibiotic use in the last 3-6 months. What is the usual course of treatment for AGE? - answer Only supportive treatment is initiated since AGE is usually self-limiting and resolves within 1 week after onset of symptoms. How such patients with evidence of dehydration be treated initially? - answer Fluid repletion and nutrition. Sports drinks aren't as effective as specific electrolyte replenishing drinks. At what point should a patient be referred to the hospital for dehydration? - answer Signs of hypovolemia such as hypotension, tachycardia, pallor, and poor skin turgor. T of F: Empiric antimicrobial therapy is recommended for patients with severe diarrhea suspected form traveling. - answer True. Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Floxacin. T or F: Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients traveling to high-risk areas is appropriate. - answer True How effective is antibiotic prophylaxis for patients traveling to high-risk areas? - answer 90% effective What does antibiotic prophylaxis treatment consist of? - answer Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, or Floxacin given once daily until 2 days after returning home. What is an appropriate symptomatic treatment for patients 65 years or age with moderate to severe diarrhea? - answer Two-day course of Loperamide (Imodium) What is an appropriate symptomatic treatment for patients 65 years or age with significant vomiting? - answer Two-day course of Zofran or Phenergan. What is the best way to prevent AGE? - answer Hand washing. T or F: Kids can attend daycare with infectious diarrhea as long as they're separated from other children. - answer False! Not until the diarrhea has stopped. If pain is present in the right lower quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel disorders? - answer IBD, IBS, Infectious Colitis, and Constipation If pain is present in the left lower quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel disorders? - answer Diverticulitis, IBS, IBD, Constipation, and Infectious Colitis. If pain is present in the left upper quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel disorders? - answer Stomach ulcers, pancreatitis, and gastritis. If pain is present in the right upper quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel disorders? - answer Gall bladder, hepatitis, and pancreatitis. T or F: IBS is a disorder of bowel function in the absence of an atomic abnormality. - answer True What are common symptoms of IBS? - answer Changes in bowel habits such as diarrhea (IBS-D), constipation (IBS-C), abdominal pain, bloating, rectal urgency with diarrhea. What are some extra-intestinal (outside the intestines) symptoms of IBS? - answer Sexual dysfunction, loss of libido, dyspareunia, muscle aches and pains, fatigue,