HMX Immunology Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Latest Version 2024 | Verified

One of the most important advances in surgery arrived near the end of the nineteenth century. The British surgeon Joseph Lister hypothesized that using techniques to sterilize surgical tools and clean the skin at the site of the incision would reduce surgical site infections. Years later, Dr. Lister wrote this: "Nothing was formerly more striking in surgical experience than the difference in the behavior of injuries according to whether the skin was implicated or not. Thus, if the bones of the leg were broken and the skin remained intact, the surgeon applied the necessary apparatus without any other anxiety than that of maintaining a good position of the fragments, although the internal injury to bones and soft parts might be very severe. If, on the other hand, a wound of the skin was present, communicating with the broken bones, although the damage might be in other respects comparatively slight, the compound fractu - Epithelial barriers Which of the cells below are tissue resident sentinel cells - mast cell, macrophage, dendritic cell Which of the cells below are circulating blood cells that will enter tissue in response to inflammation? (select two answers) - Neutrophils Monoctyes Mast cell - Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation. Neutrophil - Most abundant leukocyte Phagocyte that rapidly dies after ingesting microbe macrophage - Phagocyte that cleans up apoptotic cells When a monocyte moves into the tissues, it changes rapidly and becomes a ____________ . - macrophageLeukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a genetic defect that leads to recurrent infections in the tissue and severe problems with wound healing. LAD patients also develop severe gingivitis (infections and inflammation of the gums). In LAD, leukocyte migration into tissues is severely impaired. All of these problems can be traced back to a genetic defect. Of the genetic defects listed below, which is the most likely cause of LAD? - A mutation that introduces a stop codon into a gene that encodes part of the LFA-1 molecule (leading to a truncated protein). Toll-like receptors for bacterial PAMPs are found on/in the - cell membrane There are a few different proteins that act as inhibitors of NF-kB. There is a very rare genetic disease in which one of these proteins, IkBα, is mutated. The mutation substantially alters the stability of the IkBα protein. In patients with this disease, IkBα protein expression does not change in response to stimuli that cause IkBα degradation in healthy individuals. Consider the biological role of NF-kB inhibitors. What are the most likely symptoms of this genetic defect? - Immunodeficiency with a susceptibility to bacterial infections. The complement pathway initiated by host proteins that bind to microbial sugars is called the ____________ pathway. - lectin pathway ssRNA (single-stranded RNA) and dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) are present in mammalian cells. Why don't our plasmacytoid dendritic cells activate an innate immune response against these self nucleic acids that are necessary for normal cellular function? - The TLRs that recognize ssRNA and dsDNA are sequestered in endosomes. How can the antiviral state be propagated in the absence of immune cells? - Type I IFNs are produced by infected epithelial cells; this induces anti-viral biochemical changes in the same cell and adjacent cells. A child presents with recurrent bacterial infections. Of the genetic defects described below, what is the most likely cause of her disease? - A mutation in the C3 gene that renders the C3 protein nonfunctional. ____________ is the process by which something that is not otherwise recognized as a pathogen is coated with proteins that make it more recognizable to the immune system. - Opsonization