Texas Teacher Certification Test: ELA & Reading Questions and Answers

Texas Teacher Certification Test: ELA & Reading Questions and Answers Phonemes basic units of sound Semantics The way meaning is generated in language also including the way words, phrases, and sentences combine in ways that make sense. How meaning is conveyed in a language through the use of its vocabulary Syntax The way words are placed, organized, and arranged in a language Language Acquisition is made of 3 main components: 1. innate abilities and mechanism of the learner 2. exposure to the speech of caretakers and parents 3. the interaction of children in their immediate linguistic environment Language Acquisition Device (LAD) Something all humans are born with that give us the mechanisms and abilities to acquire language. This is universal and adapts to the languages being exposed or learned. Language only emerges if this is triggered by stimuli from people in the child's environment 6 Key components of language: phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, pragmatics, semantics Phonology The study of the sound system of language Graphemes Individual letters that represent phonemes Morphology Study of the structure of words and word formation Morphemes the smallest unit of meaning in a language Lexicon Refers to the vocabulary of a language Ex: the word "hot" -meanings can be temperature, sexy, fashionable, lucky -these meanings can change based on context or historical framework Pragmatics How context can affect the interpretation of communication. The hidden rules of communication understood by native speakers of the same language Connotation The implied meaning of words and ideas Denotation The literal of words and ideas (Dictionary definition) Babbling or Pre-Language Stage 0-6 months. use reflexive crying to communicate. Play vocally Holophrastic or One-Word Stage 11-19 months. Imitate the inflections and facial expression of adults. Can recognize their name and follow simple instructions. Understand word concepts. Two-word Stage 13-24 months. Children produce rudimentary phrases characterized by a combination of pivot and open words. Pivot word Words that accomplish multiple functions (no, up, all, see, more, and gone) Open word Word that refer to one concept (home, milk, doggy, juice, pants) Telegraphic stage 18-27 months. The child is beyond two-word communication. Most words are content words that convey more meaning and can be used in multiple situations. Children use words as they have heard them. Includes nouns, adjectives, and verbs but prepositions and articles are limited Dramatic Play A type of play where students get the opportunity to role-play simulations of real life Language Play A type of play involving rhyme, alliteration, songs, and repetitive patterns What are the four classifications of language disorders? Voice Fluency Articulation Language Processing What are two types of voice disorders?