Summary for Bilingual Biology - Cells. Learn about the different structure and functions of both animal and plant cells and their individual organs. Plenty of images were added for better illustration.
The basic biological principle of structure and
function
- All organisms originated from unicellular living organisms that lived 3.9 billion years ago
- → all living organisms, biological systems, and phenomena are interrelated
- Evolutions is the driving force of the origin and the development of life
- → one can find many shared features in the vast diversity of biological systems, living
organisms, and processes. These shared features are called basic biological principles
- BBP: structure and function → explanation: with all biological structures, the connection
between form and function can be seen (“form follows function”) → ex.: orangutan has
long arms + good gripping ⇒ adaption for climbing
Cell Theory (NOT IMPORTANT FOR THE TEST)
Three parts of the cell theory:
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
- All cells come from existing cells
Robert Hooke named the cell
Theodor Schwann realized that all animals are made up of cells, by studying samples under a
microscope.
Rudolf Virchow claimed that new cells originate from old cells
Different microscope (light + electron)
- Back in time, people could look at cells and later on their organelles as well. With the
help of a microscope, people could observe certain processes in a cell.
- Electron Microscope
- TEM: Transmission Electron Microscope
- Interior design (1D), looks at organelles inside a cell
- Works similar to the light microscope
- Passing electrons through thin specimen
- Electromagnetic lenses
- Specimen needs to be stained so that different parts show up clearly
- SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope
- Appears to be a 3D, picture of the surface
- Electron beam scans the surface, which is usually coated with a thin film
of gold
- Black, white, and gray
, - Preparation procedure:
- Freezing: Cells are frozen by cooling them to -150-180 °C
- Fracturing: The material is broken with a glass knife because it’s
non-reactive
- Etching: Ice is subsequently removed via freeze drying
- Sloped Metallization: The object is coated with platinum (non-reactive)
- Cleaning the Cast: The platinum coat is taken off and this cast is cleaned
Animal and Plant Cell
-
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