Anthropology 101 Exam Questions and Answers All Correct (1)

Anthropology 101 Exam Questions and Answers All Correct (1) Ethnography is: - Answer-the firsthand, personal study of local settings. How are cultural rights different from human rights? - Answer-Cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals. What are the four main subdisciplines of anthropology? - Answer-Biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology Current evidence suggests that the last common ancestor of hominins and the African apes existed - Answer-6 to 8 m.y.a. Ethnology is: - Answer-the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology. Evolution can be defined most simply as - Answer-Descent with modification. How does survey research differ from ethnography? - Answer-Survey research generally focuses on a subset of a larger population. In evolutionary terms, what does fitness refer to? - Answer-An organism's ability to survive and reproduce Of the following nonhuman primates, which are most comparable to humans? - Answer- Terrestrial primates The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is - Answer-designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society in general. The emergence of agriculture in at least seven different regions of the world is an example of - Answer-Independent invention. The pressurized cabin of an airplane flying at high altitude provides an example of a(n) - Answer-cultural adaptation The process by which children learn culture is known as - Answer-enculturation. The tendency of people living in the Peruvian Andes to develop a voluminous chest and lungs for life at very high altitudes provides an example of a(n) - Answer-genetic adaptation What are the two major components of fieldwork in archaeological anthropology? - Answer-Systematic survey and excavation What distinction does Kottak draw between culture and society? - Answer-People share society (organized life in groups) with other animals, but culture is distinctly human. What do anthropological archaeologists study? - Answer-Material remains What does natural selection act on? - Answer-The phenotypes of organisms What does "evolution" actually refer to (i.e., how do we measure it)? - Answer-Changes in gene frequency (proportions of each genotype in population over time) What is cultural relativism? - Answer-The argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture What is paleoanthropology? - Answer-The study of hominid evolution and human life as revealed by the fossil record What is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of local life? - Answer-Key cultural consultant What is the term for cultural change that results when two or more cultures have continuous firsthand contact? - Answer-Acculturation What is the term for processes that are causing nations and people to be increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent? - Answer-Globalization What is the term for the process in which certain traits of one sex are selected because of advantages they confer in winning mates? - Answer-Sexual selection What is the term for the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses? - Answer-Adaptation What role do independent assortment and recombination play in evolution? - Answer- They create genetic variability in a breeding population. What term refers to an organism's evident traits, or physical appearance? - Answer- Phenotype What term refers to the study of a community, region, society, or culture over time? - Answer-Longitudinal research Which of the following are great apes? - Answer-All of the above. (Chimpanzee, Orangutan, Gorilla) Which of the following human traits does not have rudimentary building blocks in place in non-human primates, particularly great apes? - Answer-Writing Which of the following is not a characteristic field technique used by ethnographers? - Answer-Telephone questionnaires Which of the following is not an absolute dating technique? - Answer-Stratigraphy Which of the following is not an adaptive trend in anthropoids? - Answer-Decreased sociality Which of the following is not one of the ways in which individuals learn culture? - Answer-Genetic transmission Which of the following is used as a basis for assigning organisms to the same taxon (zoological category)? - Answer-Homologies Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is not true? - Answer-Cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others Why do anthropological archaeologists use relative dating? - Answer-To create a relative chronology for the materials uncovered during excavation Why do human populations living in temperate, northern climates generally have light skin color? - Answer-It helps to prevent rickets. Why is it important to understand that human racial categories are based upon perceptions of phenotypic features and not on genotypes? - Answer-Because race is socially constructed, not biologically determined Which of the following is a cultural universal? - Answer-Some kind of family What are cultural particulars? - Answer-Features unique to a given culture, not shared with any others What is ethnocentrism? - Answer-Viewing another culture in terms of your own culture and values Which of the following statements about culture is not true? - Answer-Human groups differ in their capacities for culture. Which of the following is not a distinctive feature of four-field anthropology? - Answer-It has an exclusive focus on contemporary cultures. A scientist who studies the fossil record of human evolution is a(n) - Answer- paleoanthropologist. Which of the following features do humans not share with other primates? - Answer- Habitual, obligatory bipedalism Which of the following is not part of Darwin's theory of evolution? - Answer- Catastrophism Rather than attempting to classify humans into racial categories, biologists and anthropologists are - Answer-seeking to explain why specific biological variations occur. What is special about Pierolapithecus catalaunicus? - Answer-It is a possible Miocene common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. Ascribed status is - Answer-Status one is born with and inherits Achieved status is - Answer-Status based on an individual's own personal characteristics that is earned by ones' actions Which of the following is not a probable adaptive advantage of bipedalism? - Answer-It increased hominins' ability to brachiate through trees and thus escape from predators. What is the name given to the cultural period in which the first signs of domestication are present? - Answer-Neolithic How does domestication affect the reproduction of plants? - Answer-Domesticated plants lack natural seed dispersal mechanisms. Compared to the Middle East, when did food production emerge in the New World? - Answer-At approximately the same time Compared to their wild counterparts, domesticated animals tend to be - Answer-smaller Cuneiform is the name for early writing in what region of the world? - Answer- Mesopotamia How are ranked societies different from states? - Answer-States have social classes. What does the current debate about Neanderthals' relation to anatomically modern humans (AMHs) focus on? - Answer-Whether Neanderthals were ancestral to AMHs in Europe The footprints at Laetoli are associated with which bipedal human ancestor? - Answer- A. afarensis In contrast to earlier models, current explanations of the origin and decline of states - Answer-consider the effects of social and political variables in addition to environmental factors. Knowledge of the properties of metals, including how to extract, process, and use them to make tools, is known as - Answer-metallurgy Linguistic displacement is - Answer-the ability to talk about things that are not present. Linguists believe that - Answer-the world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half over the past 500 years.