Psychology 203 Final Exam Questions And Answers With Latest Study Solutions

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory - This is the transmission of culture to a new generation (values, beliefs, customs, and skills) Social interaction is necessary (cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society) you with others how you should learn. Human Development - a field of study devoted to understand consistency and change throughout the lifespan environment contexts for development - is unique combinations of personal (genetic) and environment circumstances can result in different paths of development Nature - biologically and genetic make-up of individuals Nuture - how the person is brought up, or the physical and social world that influences experiences cross-sectional research design - groups of people differing in ages are studied at the same point in time longitudinal research design - group of participants is studied repeatedly at different ages, changes are noted as the participants mature. The strengths include identifying common patterns, and the examination of relationships between early and later events and behaviors information processing view of human development - a general approach that emerged with the design of complex computers that use mathematically specified steps to solve problems social interaction according to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory - It explains how culture (the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group) is transmitted to the next generation. Social Interaction, in particular, cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society, is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's cultureFirst Trimester - one celled zygote multiplies and forms a blastocyst. Brain and spinal chord appear. Organs form. Sense of touch is developed. Gentils form. Second Trimester - enlarges rapidly. Fetal movements are felt. All neurons that will ever be in the brain are developed. Sensitive to light and sound Third Trimester - has chance of survival if born. Lungs mature. Antibodies are permitted. Rotation of upside down position Down Syndrome - It is a chromosomal abnormality in which there is a failure of the twenty first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis Women over 35 - Geneticists believe that the ova, present in the woman's body since her own prenatal period, weaken over time because of the aging process or increased exposure to harmful environmental agents. As a result chromosomes do not separate properly as they complete the process of meiosis at conception teratogen - It refers to an environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. It is common between 3 and 16 week embryonic - what stage is a child most vulnerable to teratogens cephalocaudal trend in physical growth - translated in latin "head to tail." At birth the head takes up ¼ of the total body length, as the child ages the lower part of the body catches up. proximodistal trend in physical growth - translated "near to far," or from the center of the body outward. In the prenatal period the head, chest, and trunck grow first, followed by the arms and legs, and then the hands and feet. Continuing into childhood is the same pattern easy child - this child showed regular eating, sleeping, elimination cycles, a positive approach response to new situations, and could accept frustration with little fuss. They adapted to change, such as new food or a new school quickly. They showed a good mood most of the time, and smiled often. Mostof the problems reported with these children resulted when the child was placed in situations that required responses that were inconsistent with what they had learned at home slow to warm child - this child showed negative responses of mild intensity when exposed to new situations, but slowly came to accept them with repeated exposure. They have fairly regular biological routines. Problems with these children varied depending on the other characteristics they showed difficult child - this child showed irregular eating, sleeping, and elimination cycles. They displayed a negative approach response to new situations, for example frequent and loud crying or throwing tantrums when frustrated. They are slow to adapt to change, and need more time to get used to new food or people. Most of the problems reported with these children centers around socialization patterns, expectations of family, school, and peer groups. If pushed to become immediately involved in a situation, these children were more likely to exhibit loud refusal and sometime oppositional and aggressive behavior Harry Harlow's research - what found that baby monkeys get attached like humans they get separation anxiety. This is there first social relationship, learn how they work Attachment - is the strong, affection tie we feel for special people in our lives that leads us to experience pleasure and joy when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness during times of stress trust v. mistrust - when caregivers provide reliabilty, care, and affection. autonomy v. shame - Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence initiative v. guilt - Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose industry v. inferiority - Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competenceego identity v. role confusion - Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself intimacy v. isolation - Young adults need to form loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships