RNFA 1

RNFA 1 Agranulocytes - correct answearsAgranulocytes (mononuclear cells) are lymphocytes and monocytes; their increased cell counts reflect lymphocytes—viral infection, leukemia, hepatitis, tuberculosis, pertussis monocytes—bacterial infection, colitis, protozoan infection, malaria, tuberculosis, bacterial endocarditis Allowable Blood Loss formula - correct answearsThe EBL can be determined through the evaluation of surgical sponges by weighing the sponges for pediatric cases and by estimating the blood loss for adults: x-ray detectable 4 × 8 sponge: 10 mL to 20 mL of blood laparotomy 18 × 18 sponge: 100 mL of blood The estimated weight of blood is 1.06 g = 1 mL of blood; 1 g = 1 mL of water, used as a conversion for urine output by weight, is another way to estimate fluid volume loss. Both components (ie, blood and urine) are used to estimate fluid loss, along with the patient's insensible fluid loss. As fluid evaporates from the skin and respiratory tract, further volume deficits must be managed; however, there is no simple, accurate way to evaluate insensible fluid loss other than physical observation of the patient. anesthesia AND THE SURGICAL PATIENT - correct answearsCardiac53 Bradycardia—decrease in heart rate is generally caused by parasympathetic effect from direct pressure on the vagus nerve. Gas embolism—monitoring indicators will suggest hemodynamic instability and a drop in ETCO2 levels. A sudden decrease in systolic blood pressure, desaturation, dysrhythmias, and cyanosis are symptoms of a venous gas embolism. The abdomen should be flooded with normal saline solution. The patient should be returned to a supine position. DVT—appropriate DVT prophylaxis should be provided to all surgical patients, including antiembolitic stockings, sequential compression devices, and heparin therapy if indicated. Lengthy procedures, the lithotomy position, or any surgical position that cause the patients' legs to pool blood or compromises venous return presents greater risk.56 MI—occurrence of intraoperative or postoperative MI in non-cardiac related surgery is very low. However, the RNFA and surgical team should be aware of the possibility and be knowledgeable of protocols, policies, and procedures for an unexpected cardiac incident in the OR