EDUC 181 Exam 2 Questions and Answers Graded A+

EDUC 181 Exam 2 Questions and Answers Graded A+ What is adolescence? Time of growing up- from immature child to mature adult. Transitions: biological, psychological, social, and economic. Beginning with PUBERTY and ending when individuals make the transition into ADULT roles- roughly starting at age 10 until early 20s. Do all adolescents experience the transitions of adolescence similarly? Important to acknowledge the distinctions among the various phases of adolescence. Puberty beginning earlier now around the world. What are the phases of adolescence? Early: ~10-13 years, Middle: ~14-17 years, Late: ~18- 21 What are the fundamental changes of adolescence? Consists of biological, cognitive, and social dimensions. Hill proposes that there are three significant aspects of adolescence that make it a unique phase of life. The onset of puberty (biological), Emergence of more advanced thinking (cognitive), Transition into new roles in society (social) Are these culture-specific or universal? Universal What is puberty? The biological onset of sexual and reproductive functions. Marked by physical growth spurt and the development of primary (maturation of sex organs) and secondary (facial hair/body hair and skin changes) sex characteristics. How does it affect body image? What are some consequences of early onset puberty for teens? Early onset...Affects how adolescents see themselves and how they are seen by others (mostly girls- lower levels, boys- boost self esteem). Development of issues with body image. What influences the onset of puberty? What are typical ages at which puberty begins among girls and boys? Age of onset- influenced by genes & environment . Begins earlier for girls (10-12 years) than boys (12-14 years) How does the timing of puberty impact parenting practices? Early developing child→ too much freedom too soon, Later developing child → not enough freedom. Early onset puberty is also associated with increased social risks. Why? Cognitive development What are the 5 main changes in thinking (cognition) that occur in adolescence? Understand each of these 5 changes. (1) Hypothetical thinking (2) Abstractly (3) Metacognition (4) Multidimensional (5) Relativistic Thinking What does research tell us about the impact that parental expectations have on adolescent behavior? Studies show...The more a mother thinks their teen is reckless and rebellious, the more likely they are to engage in these behaviors. Snooping on teenagers causes the teen to be more secretive and engage in more secretive behaviors. What is the Formal operational stage? What is the limbic system? What is the Prefrontal Cortex? Formal operational stage (adolescence and beyond)- Major changes in the structure and function of the brain, The limbic system reaches full maturity by late adolescence. The prefrontal cortex develops much slower, typically not reaching full maturation until age 25. How does the prefrontal cortex differ among teens compared to adults? When reading emotion... adults rely more on the frontal cortex while teens rely more on the amygdala. What is the Invincibility Fable? The belief that adolescents are invincible- engage in risky and dangerous behavior. What do we know about sexual thoughts/behaviors in adolescence? Sexual thoughts and behavior are a normal part of adolescence. Sexual